I04 



m.o\vi;rs oi' thk cokxiij-.i.ds 



.'^ 



honey tjlaiuls arc sitiiatud, and two in the place- of ilic hinciionlcss 

 stamens thai do not produce jjollcii. 



The glands can be seen when the calyx expands, antl arc \isil)lc 

 and accessible from outside. Insects can reach them witliout louchins;' 

 any of" the other parts of the flower. 'J'he insect thrusts its proboscis 

 down between the sianu-ns, because the flowers are so close. The 



stamens later lengthen 

 and arc twislctl out- 

 wards, and the oppor- 

 tunities for cross-pol- 

 lination a^Tcc with 

 die conditions in 

 C aidai)!iiic /Jiir/ciisis. 

 W hen the fiowers 

 w ither and the stiyma 

 lent^thens the anthers 

 turn the pollen- 

 covered sides up- 

 wards, bend down- 

 wards, and self-pol- 

 linate the plant. The 

 visitors are Diptera 

 (Syrphidae), H\nien- 

 optera (Tenthredin- 

 id^e, Apidae), Coleop- 

 tera (Coccinellidie), 

 and Lepidoptera 



( Hue lid ia glvphica, 

 B/iriu'/ A'ac/tia). 



Ihe seeds of 

 Charlock are dis- 

 persed by the plant 

 itself. The pods open and allow the seeds to be scattered around 

 the parent plant. 



It is a sand plant, and requires a sand soil, which may be derived 

 from any of the older formations, such as Coal-measures, Keuper, Lias, 

 &c., in which there are sandstones. 



This plant is infested by Ceuthorhynchus snlcicol/is, Psylhodes 

 chrvsoccphahts. Me/igcihes crnciis, Ba/anicmis brassiccc (Beetles), At ha ha 

 spina ntiii (Hvmenoptera), Large White [Picris brassiccc). Small White 

 {P. rapa-). Green- veined Wliite {P. iiapi). Turnip Moth (Agro/is 



CllARLUCK {Uniss 



O. KimUc) 



