18 A FLORA OF MANILA 
As to their place of attachment stamens are epipetalous when inserted 
on the corolla; hypogynous when inserted on the receptacle; perigynous 
when inserted on the calyx; and epigynous when apparently borne on 
the ovary. 
The anther is the essential part of the stamen. The filament is 
frequently wanting, the anther then being described as sessile. As to its 
attachment it is adnate when attached by its base, and versatile when 
attached by a point near the middle. When it faces inward it is called 
introrse, and when outward it is called extrorse. The anther usually 
consists of two cells, but some have 1, 3, or 4. - The filament is frequently 
prolonged between the cells, this prolongation being called the connective. 
The cells open to allow the escape of the pollen by longitudinal slits, by 
valves, or by pores. Imperfect stamens are called staminodes. 
THE PISTIL.—As androecium is a general term to include the entire 
male organs, so gynaecium is a term used to include all the female organs. 
The principal parts of the pistil are the ovary, style, and stigma as de- 
scribed above (p. 16). The ovary is the essential part as it contains 
the rudimentary seeds or ovules; the style is frequently wanting, the 
stigma then being described as sessile. 
If the floral organs appear as though they were inserted on the top 
of the ovary, the latter is then described as inferior; if the ovary is 
inserted on the receptacle, and free from the other floral organs it is 
described as superior; intergradations occur and we may have a half- 
inferior, or half-superior ovary. When the ovary is superior the calyx 
is often described as inferior, and when the ovary is inferior the calyx 
is spoken of as superior. 
A pistil may be simple or compound. A simple pistil is one with a 
1-celled ovary bearing a single ovule or row of ovules. A compound pistil 
or syncarpous ovary is one in which two or more carpels are more or 
less united forming one body. It may be 1- to many-celled. : 
The surface on which the ovules are borne is called the placenta; this 
may be basal, when situated at the bottom of cell; parietal when situated 
on the wall; or. awile when the ovules are attached to the center or axis 
in several-celled ovaries. 
In most flowering plants the ovules are enclosed in the ovary, these 
plants being known as the Angiospermae or angiosperms, but in one 
group the ovules are naked, this group being known as the Gymnospermae 
or gymnosperms. 
In regard to their direction ovules are erect when rising upright from 
the base of the cell; pendulous when hanging from the side or near the 
top; suspended when hanging from the apex of the cell; and horizontal 
when directed neither up nor down. , 
In their development they are orthotropous or straight when they do 
not curve or turn; campylotropous or incurved when by greater growth 
on one side they become kidney-shaped, bringing the orifice down near 
the base; amphitropous when the ovule is apparently attached laterally; 
and anatropous when it has continued adnate to its stock which remains 
straight, the ovule becoming entirely inverted. 
THE FRUIT.—The fruit consists of the matured ovary and frequently 
other usually- enlarged and variously altered parts of the flower, that 
persist until the seeds are ripe. They may be simple, those resulting 
from the ripening of a single ovary, or aggregate, when several to many 
carpels of a single flower in development become crowded into a mass, 
