DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 19 
‘as in anona (ates, etc.). A collective fruit is one formed of the carpels 
of several to many flowers united into a mass as in the jak fruit (lanca). 
The wall of a fruit is called the pericarp, and when the several layers 
are distinct, the innermost layer is called the endocarp, the outermost 
layer the exocarp, and the intermediate layer the mesocarp. 
Fruits that open at maturity are called dehiscent, while those that 
remain closed are called indehiscent. 
As to texture, fruits are described as succulent or fleshy when soft 
and juicy throughout, and dry, when they contain no pulp. All inter- 
grades occur. 
The principal kinds of fruits that have received distinctive names 
are the berry, or baccate fruit, the whole pulp soft and fleshy with few 
to. many seeds imbedded in the pulp} the drupe, the outer part more or 
less soft and fleshy, the inner part hard and stone-like; the achene, a 
small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded, seed-like fruit, like those of the Com- 
positae; utricle, similar to an achene but the pericarp loose and bladder- 
like, ultimately dehiscent; caryopsis or grain, like the fruits of grasses, 
the seeds adhering to the thin pericarp throughout; nut a dry, hard, 
indehiscent fruit; the legume or pod, consisting of a 1-celled fruit splitting 
regularly into two valves generally by both sutures, as in many Legumi- 
nosae, or often indehiscent; follicle, the fruit of a single carpel dehiscing 
by the ventral suture; capsule the dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit of 
a compound ovary. In dehiscent fruits the cells open chiefly in one or 
two ways; if splitting through the dorsal suture directly into each cell 
it is called loculicidal; if splitting through the partitions it is called 
septicidal. Those that open by a circular lid at the apex are called 
circumsciss. 
Other forms of fruits are such as the cone, a multiple fruit consisting 
chiefly of overlapping appressed scales, each scale bearing one or two 
seeds on its inner face; the pepo, represented by the squash (calabaza), 
which is really a kind of berry; the hesperidiwm, such as the orange, 
really a berry with a thick skin; the pome such as the apple, in which 
the bulk is made up chiefly of the much-thickened calyx, etc. 
Some fruits are variously appendaged, chiefly for purposes of distribu- 
tion. They may be covered with hooked or barbed bristles or with 
viscid glands, or supplied with flattened appendages called wings, or with 
tufts of long or short hairs, called the coma, as in many Compositae, ete. 
THE SEED.—The seed is the fertilized and developed ovule, and is 
exceedingly variable in size and shape, from the minute and almost dust- 
like seeds of the orchids, to the very large seed of the coconut. 
The seed-coats usually consist of two layers, an outer thicker one 
known as the testa, and an inner more delicate one known as the tegmen. 
The scar where the seed was attached is called the hilum. 
Externally seeds may be smooth, pitted, wrinkled, or marked in various 
other ways, hairy as in the cotton, winged, or supplied with a tuft of 
hairs called a coma. Various appendages have received special names, 
such as the prominent wart-like growth at the hilum in such seeds as 
Ricinus (tangan-tangan) known as the caruncle; an often fleshy, colored, 
entire or variously divided appendage that in part or entirely encloses 
some seeds is called the aril, seeds supplied with this organ being called 
arillate. 
In the fully developed embryo the most prominent part is the seed-leaves, 
known as the cotyledons. In accordance with the number of these the 
