POLYPODIACEAE A5 
6. Herbs without stipules or tendrils, usually with milky juice. 
133. Campanulaceae (p. 462) 
3. Stamens free from the corolla. 
-4, Stamens and pistil distinct. 
VA CIORGIIG. PORWUIAT. .. ..: cease csninnsehicivecee 133. Campanulaceae (p. 462) 
B. Gorolls irre galay sce susn-sassdn-nssnnsisnennie 134. Goodeniaceae (p. 463) 
4. Stamens and pistil united into a column; small herbs. 
135. Stylidiaceae (p. 463) 
2. Flowers crowded in dense heads. 
8. Heads not involucrate; leaves opposite, stipulate; flowers regular; 
enters, Sag ics ceil ee As heh sts 131. Rubiaceae (p. 445) 
8. Heads surrounded by an onluere composed of many bracts; leaves 
various; flowers regular or irregular; anthers united; fruit an 
SUCTAQIRG oo Sl cet gk re cami oof ann avn ans 136. Comtoapttae (p. 464) 
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES 
PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FERN-LIKE PLANTS 
In this group, also commonly known as the vascular cryptogams, repro- 
duction is by means of spores of microscopic size, not by true seeds as in’ 
the flowering plants. In the systematic treatment certain technical terms 
are used, the most important being the following: The vegetative parts, 
corresponding to the leaves of flowering plants, are commonly called fronds, 
and in compound ones the divisions are called pinnae, the ultimate divisions 
the pinnules; the part corresponding to the stem is called the stipe. The 
spores are borne variously, but in the true ferns usually in sori (dot-like 
organs on the lower surface, margins, etc.), each sorus being made up of 
many spore-cases or sporocarps containing the spores; the partial or 
entire ring of thickened tissue surrounding the sporocarp is called the 
annulus. The sori may be protected by a thin, variously shaped and at- 
tached organ known as the indusiwm, which may be persistent or deciduous; 
it is frequently entirely absent. In some: groups the spores are of two 
kinds, macrospores and microspores, the former being much larger than the 
latter. 
The most important supplementary literature for the Philippine forms 
are the following papers by Dr. E. B. Copeland: “The Polypodiaceae of 
the Philippine Islands” Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 28 (1905) 1-138, in 
which 62 genera and 450 species of Philippine ferns are described, and 
“The Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region, Part I” Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 
(1909) Bot. 1-64, including the Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Marsi- 
leaceae, Salviniaceae, Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Parker- 
iaceae, Matoniaceae, and Cyatheaceae. 
1. POLYPODIACEAE (PoLypopy or PAco FAMILY) 
Ferns of very various habit from creeping or erect rootstocks, the stipes 
tufted or scattered, jointed to the rootstock or not, the fronds entire or 
variously lobed, pinnate, or decompound, the veins free or variously an- 
astomosing. Sori definite, various in shape (round, oblong, or linear), dorsal 
or marginal, or sometimes indefinite and densely crowded over the entire 
lower surface of the frond, the sporangia usually stalked and provided with 
