DEFINITIONS OF TERMS pl 
By the union of parts flowers are variously modified. The term connate 
is used to express union of parts of the same set of organs, and adnate 
when organs of one set are more or less united with those of another set. 
As to the perianth and its parts, when the sepals are more or less 
united the calyx is described as gamosepalous, and when they are quite 
free from each other, as polysepalous, or chorisepalous; with the corolla 
when the parts are united it is described as gamopetalous or sympetalous, 
and when the petals are quite free from each other as polypetalous or 
choripetalous. 
THE COROLLA.—As to shape the corolla varies greatly in different 
species necessitating various names to describe the many forms. Among 
these special names are tubular, when elongated and shaped like a tube 
or cylinder; funnel-shaped, when gradually spreading from near the base 
to the apex; campanulate when the tube is broad and rather short, widen- 
ing upward like a bell; salver-shaped when the lower part is cylindric 
and the upper part or limb spreads horizontally; wrceolate when the tube 
is ovoid or globose, contracted above into a short neck and again expanded 
in a narrow limb like an urn; and rotate or stellate when the lobes spread 
radiately from near the base like a wheel or star. 
A gamopetalous corolla usually shows differently shaped parts, the 
contracted part below called the tube, the spreading part above called 
the limb, and the junction of the two, called the throat. 
Irregular flowers may be papilionaceous as in the flowers of various 
beans, consisting of a large upper and outer petal, the standard or vewillum, 
two lateral petals usually much smaller than the standard and very 
different in shape called the wings, and the keel, consisting of the two 
lower and usually smaller petals, often slightly connate and somewhat 
resembling the prow of a boat. Another type is the labiate corolla, in 
which it is more or less 2-lipped, the two upper lobes more or less 
uniting to form the upper lip, the three lower ones to form the lower lip. 
The ligulate or strap-shaped corolla is found in some of the Compositae, 
the base being a short tube, opening out into an elongated narrow, flat, 
strap-like appendage. 
The arrangement of the petals and sepals in the bid is important; 
they are valvate when their edges touch each other but do not overlap, 
and imbricate when to a greater or less degree they overlap. They are 
plicate when folded in longitudinal plaits. 
Some petals are distinctly stalked, and special terms are used to 
indicate the different parts; the stalk is called the claw, and the broaa 
part the lamina. 
THE STAMENS.—In a few cases the stamens pass by gradual inter- 
gradations into the petals but usually they are very distinct. The 
principal parts of the stamen are the filament and anther described above. 
Collectively the stamens form the androecium. 
Stamens are most generally quite free from each other, or distinct, or 
they may be variously united. When united by their filaments in a 
single cluster they are called monadelphous; when in two clusters dia- 
delphous; when in three clusters triadelphous, etc. When the anthers are 
united and the filaments are free, they are called syngenesious. In some 
cases the filaments are entirely united, forming a globose or cylindric 
tube, known as the staminal tube, bearing the anthers either on the inside 
or at its apex. Stamens are said to be exserted when they extend beyond 
the perianth. 
111555——2 
