14 A FLORA OF MANILA 
Special forms of leaves not included in the above definitions are the 
following: Equitant when the leaves are vertical, each overlapping the 
next beneath as if they were folded together lengthwise; cylindric when 
with no definition between blade and petiole, and cylinder-shaped; and 
acicular when very slender and sharp, like needles. 
Sometimes the leaves are reduced to mere scales, and in the axils of the 
scales are borne green, variously shaped branchlets which have the func- 
tions and appearance of leaves, as in Asparagus; these special .branchlets 
are called cladophylls or cladodes. 
Solid, not flat parts of plants, such as fruits, some stems, some fleshy 
leaves, seeds, etc., are described by special terms, such as ovoid, that is, 
egg-shaped, with the narrow end upward, and obovoid, egg-shaped, with 
the broad end upward, corresponding to ovate and obovate in flat surfaces; 
globose or spherical, shaped like a ball, corresponding to orbicular in flat 
surfaces; ellipsoid when a vertical section shows an ellipse; turbinate 
when shaped like a top; conical when equally tapering upward, and 
obconical when tapering downward, in both cases showing a circle in 
cross-section; pyramidal and obpyramidal corresponding to conical and 
obconical, but showing square or polygon in cross-section; fusiform when 
round and tapering at both ends; terete when the transverse section is a 
circle; trigonous or triquetrous when 3-angled in cross-section; compressed 
when more or less flattened laterally; depressed when flattened vertically; 
articulate or jointed, if at any period they separate into 2 or more parts 
placed end to end. 
As to consistence, leaves (and other parts as well) may be fleshy when 
thick and soft; succulent, with about the same meaning but with rather 
more juice; coriaceous when firm or tough like leather; chartaceous when 
paper-like in texture; and membranaceous when thin and more or less 
flexible. . 
Surfaces of leaves, stems, fruits, and other parts of the plant are 
described as glabrous if entirely smooth, without hairs or projections of 
any kind; rugose when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised and 
depressed lines; striate when marked with parallel lines, scabrid when 
roughened by small projections; tuberculate when covered with small 
wart-like projections; muricate when the protuberances are hard and 
pointed; and echinate when they are stiffer and longer, almost awn-like. 
The indumentum or covering of leaves and other organs is various, the 
principle forms being: Pubescent when rather softly hairy; puberulent 
when the hairs are very short and soft; pilose when the hairs are long 
and soft; hirsute when the hairs are stiff and spreading; hispid when the 
hairs are still stiffer; strigose when the hair$ are short and stiff and 
are closely appressed to the surface, all pointing in one direction; tomen- 
tose, woolly, or lanate when the hairs are soft and more or less matted 
together; canescent when the hairs are grayish and not distinct to the- 
naked eye; mealy or farinose when the indumentum is of very short hairs 
with the appearance of meal, readily rubbing off; glaucous when pale- 
bluish, often with a waxy bloom, and furfuraceous when covered with small, 
spreading scales. 
Hairs may be simple or branched; if the branches are radiately 
arranged, they are called stellate; if like a feather, in two ranks, they 
are called plumose. Besides hairs, leaves and other organs may be more 
or less covered with small waxy glands, and are described as glandular, 
or with minute rounded, appressed scales, being then described as lepidote. 
