DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 13 
present and ewstipellate when they are absent, the words corresponding 
to stipulate and exstipulate as applied to the entire leaf. 
Simple leaves as to their margins may be entire when the margin is a 
continuous even line, without teeth or notches; serrate when cut into 
sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw; dentate or simply 
toothed when the teeth are sharp and point outward, not forward; denticu- 
late, diminutive of dentate; crenate when the teeth are rounded; crenulate, 
diminutive of crenate; repand or undulate when the margin forms a wavy 
line bending gently inward and outward; sinuate when the margin is 
strongly undulate; incised or cut when cut into deep, sharp, irregular teeth; 
lobed when deeply cut, but the incisions do not reach much more than 
half-way to the midrib; cleft, nearly the same as lobed, but the incisions 
extending more than half-way to the midrib; parted when the divisions 
extend nearly to the midrib; and divided when they extend quite to it. 
According to the number of lobes, clefts, etc., leaves may be 3-lobed, 5-cleft, 
many-cleft, etc. 
In simple leaves the method of division corresponds to the venation; in 
pinnately-veined leaves the incisions all point toward the midrib, and in 
palmately veined ones they point toward the apex of the petiole. 
According to the degree of division we may have in pinnately veined 
leaves, pinnately-lobed, pinnately-cleft, or pinnatifid, pinnately-parted, and 
pinnately-divided or pinnatisect leaves, and in palmately veined leaves the 
same combinations, with palmately substituted for pinnately. 
The number of the lobes or divisions is frequently used, and we may 
have palmately 3-lobed, -3-cleft or trifid, -3-parted leaves, etc., and with 
higher numbers palmately 5-lobed, -many-lobed, -many-cleft or multifid, etc. 
The same combinations are made with the substitution of pinnate for 
palmate. 
In compound feaves the separate parts, corresponding to the lobes, 
divisions, etc., of simple leaves, are called leaflets. There are two principal 
kinds, corresponding to the principal kinds of division in simple leaves, 
pinnately compound and palmately compound. 
Pinnate leaves are those where the leaflets are attached along the sides 
of a main stalk or rachis, the leaflets corresponding to the lobes of a 
simple, pinnately lobed leaf. When there is an odd or end leaflet, such 
leaves are termed uneven pinnate, odd-pinnate, or imparipinnate; when 
there is no odd terminal leaflet they are termed evenly or abruptly pinnate. 
Simple pinnate leaves are those with a double row of leaflets; twice pinnate 
or 2-pinnate leaves are those where the rachis bears branches, the branches 
bearing the leaves, in which cases the branches are termed pinnae; the 
division may be carried still further and we may have 3- or tripinnate, 4- 
or quadripinnate or pinnately decompound leaves, etc. 
In palmately compound leaves we may have the division carried further 
in twice palmate, or when the division is in three’s, twice ternate or 
biternate; if the division goes still further it is called palmately decompound. 
As to the number of leaflets they may be few to many; when only one, 
as in the orange, the leaves are called 1-foliolate, or unifoliolate; when 2, 
2-foliolate, or bifoliolate; when 3, 3-foliolate, or trifoliolate, etc., and these 
terms are used with both pinnately and palmately compound leaves, such 
as pinnately 5-foliolate, palmately trifoliolate, etc. In pinnate leaves the 
terms 2- or bijugate, 3- or trijugate, multijugate, (juga=pairs) ete., are 
used to express the number of pairs of leaflets, pinnae, etc. 
