6 A FLORA OF MANILA 
With few minor exceptions the arrangement adopted is that of Engler 
and Prantl’s “Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” while the nomenclature 
is that of the Vienna Botanical Congress modified by the supplementary 
list of nomina conservanda adopted by the Brussels Botanical Congress. 
In addition to the accepted generic and specific name of each species, 
important synonyms have been added, as well as selected native, Spanish, 
and English names. Plate references have been added to the third edition 
of Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,’ copies of which are to be found in most 
of the larger towns in the Archipelago. It has not been considered, worth 
while to add literature references under each species. 
The bibliography of Philippine botany is so extensive that it is impossible 
more: than to mention the more important local works bearing on the 
subject. Blanco’s “Flora de Filipinas,” ed. 1 (1837), ed. 2 (1845), written 
in Spanish, is long out of print, and obsolete in arrangement and no- 
menclature; it contains the descriptions of about 1,150 species and varieties, 
very many of them so imperfectly described that their status has not as 
yet been determined with certainty. The sumptuous third edition of this 
work (1877-1883) is in six large folio volumes, the first three consisting 
of a reprint of the second edition with the addition of a Latin translation; 
the fourth volume consists of several additional papers of little value to 
the amateur in the determination of material, while the fifth and sixth 
consist of a series of 481 colored plates. Although many of these plates 
are erroneously named, still they are of great value in the determination 
of specimens, and references to them have been included in the present 
work. Of Vidal’s publications the one of chief value is his “Sinopsis de 
familias y géneros de plantas lefosas de Filipinas” (1883), in which a 
great many woody plants are figured. The most important recent works 
on Philippine botany are to be found in the publications of the Bureau 
of Government Laboratories (1903-1905), the “Philippine Journal of 
Science, Botany” (1906-1912), published by the Bureau of Science, and 
Elmer’s “Leaflets of Philippine Botany” (1906-1912). In the present work 
references are included to the above publications where individual groups 
have been treated systematically. For the determination of forest trees 
the most valuable publication is Whitford’s “Forests of the Philippines,” * 
the second part of which contains a consideration of the most important 
timber trees found in the Archipelago, with many illustrations. 
Under each family the approximate number of genera and species for 
the entire world is given, and their general distribution, as well as the 
number of each definitely known from the Philippines. For each species 
both the Philippine and extra-Philippine range is given. Indigenous 
species are indicated by black faced type, while introduced or presumably 
introduced ones are indicated by light faced type; species introduced and 
cultivated only, not having become naturalized, are indicated by an 
asterisk. The time of flowering as given for the individual species will 
apply only to the vicinity of Manila, or possibly also to other regions in 
the Archipelago having a similar annual distribution of rainfall; the 
flowering records are of necessity incomplete as it was found to be im- 
possible to keep all the species under observation throughout an entire 
year. 
No new species are described nor are-any new combinations made, 
except in the case of a few varieties, in the present work. The few 

* Forestry Bureau (Philip.) Bull. 10 (1911). 
