1914] A Study of Dryophanta Erinacet. 7 
embryoes obtained at this stage measured 125u.-130u. In 
galls gathered on the first and second of July, larva were 
found measuring 374. These were similar to the young 
larva which give rise to the sexual form, having a slightly 
depressed head, sharp pointed mandibles, broad, prominent 
thorax, and pointed, reflexed abdomen. During the summer, 
molts were observed after which the larva measured 500n, 
750u., 144mm., 124mm., 2144mm., respectively, thus showing 
five stages during the life-history. Fig. 19, Pl. III, shows a 
larva 134mm., obtained about the middle of August. From 
this time, the thorax does not show a great increase in size,. 
but the abdomen loses its reflexed character, becomes globose,. 
and increases in size until pupation. The first pupa was 
obtained on the fifth of September, but the adults did not 
emerge until the fifth of November. Fig. 5, Pl. I, shows a 
pupa of the agamic form. 
Thus we have another illustration of dimorphism in the 
Cynipidae, the agamic form of Dryophanta erinacei developing 
in the oak hedgehog gall on the white oak leaves, emerging and 
ovipositing in the leaf and flower buds of the same tree, from 
which, in scale and terminal galls, the sexual form develop. 
These, emerging, oviposit on the veins of the white oak leaves, 
and their offspring cause the oak hedgehog gall. 
The Parasitic and Inquiline Life in the Gall. 
The oak hedgehog gall is not merely the abode of the 
maker, but also of several parasites and inquilines. In order 
to obtain a knowledge of these, their mode of life, their relation- 
ship to the maker, and to each other, we shall consider them 
under the following heads: 
A. Parasitic and inquiline life as shown by breeding 
experiments. 
B. Parasites in relation to Dryophanta erinacei and to 
each other during gall development. 
C. Inquilines, their relation to Dryophanta erinacei, to 
the parasites, and to each other during gall development. 
