THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUPAE OF THE 
CERATOCAMPIDA AND HEMILEUCID. 
EpNA MOosHER. 
The pupae belonging to the superfamily Saturnioidea may 
be identified by the following characteristics: Fifth and sixth 
abdominal segments free in both sexes; body surface hard and 
firm, always with setae, but these rarely long enough to be 
observed with the unaided eye; face-parts never with distinct 
sutures; antennal suture obsolete; labial palpi or maxillary 
palpi never visible; distinct cases for the mandibles never 
present, these structures often represented by an elevation 
or a distinct tubercule adjoining the caudo-lateral angles of 
the labrum; antennae usually showing distinct pectinations, 
the width at least one-fifth the length and usually much wider, 
the stem of the flagellum distinctly raised above the level 
of the pectinations, or if the stem of the flagellum is not dis- 
tinct, then the body with the cephalic margins of the movable 
segments produced into distinct flange-like plates; maxillae, 
measured on the meson, seldom more than one-sixth the length 
of the wings, if longer, then the body surface without visible 
setae; third pair of legs very seldom visible; pupae usually 
more than an inch in length. 
The pupae of this superfamily are found either in thick 
silken cocoons or thin ‘‘papery”’ ones, or in the ground. More 
than twenty genera are found in North America; of these, the 
pupae of only sixteen genera were available for study. 
The material on which the following descriptions and tables 
are based was borrowed in part from the Illinois State Labora- 
tory of Natural History. A large series of pupae was pur- 
chased from the American Entomological Co., the Kny- 
Scheerer Co. and Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, with 
funds provided by the Graduate School of the University of 
Illinois. 
Dr. A. D. MacGillivray has given many helpful suggestions 
as to the preparation of this paper, for which I wish to express 
my appreciation. 
* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of 
Illinois, No. 44. 

277 
