extrorse to introrse, and vice versa, is viewed a very likely phenomenon as the case of the outer 
sporangia in the third whorl stamens imply. Apical dehiscence is taken as an extreme of 
specialization without return. As in the case considering whole anther transformation, once a 
sporangium is sterile it cannot go back to the fertile condition. Comments for this character are 
also valid for the rest of characters dealing with sporangia (down to number 23). Coding for this 
character and for characters down to number 23 is shown in figure 20. 0, introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, 
extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
17. Condition of inner sporangia, third whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
18. Condition of inner sporangia, second whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
19. Condition of inner sporangia, first whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
20. Condition of outer sporangia, fourth whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
21. Condition of outer sporangia, third whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
22. Condition of outer sporangia, second whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
23. Condition of outer sporangia, first whorl stamen. See comments in character 16. 0, 
introrse; 1, latrorse; 2, extrorse; 3, apical; 4, absent. 
24. Glands of fourth whorl stamens. Paired appendages (glands) at the base of stamens is 
ee 
