149 
whole, without recognising the importance that attaches to the 
follicular, as opposed to the achenial character of the mature 
carpel. Now in /sopyrum grandifiorum and its closer allies, the 
mature follicles are manifestly more akin in structure and devel- 
opment to those of Aquilegia than to lsopyrum thalictroides, or— 
to take another example of the same series—to Jsopyrum adianti- 
folium, and after weighing all the conditions we have found 
ourselves obliged to propose a fresh* genus for these Central 
Asian perennials (7.e., for the grandiflorum group), to which we 
have given the name of Paraquilegia. 
In the Prodromus (i. p. 48) De Candolle admitted though not 
without question the genus Enemion, founded on a species—not 
unlike the Wood Anemone of Europe,—which is plentiful in 
woods in the United States of America. The first scientific . 
8 
Journal de Physique (De Blainville) Tom. xei. pt. 2, p. 7 
constituted Enemion. In Hook, Journ. Bot. i. 187 (1834) a brief 
notice of Short’s specimens was intercalated in a summary of 
Thomas Drummond’s Louisiana collections without formal descrip- 
tion; in 1840 (Bot. Beech. Voy. Suppl. 326) a second apetalous 
species, discovered by Douglas about 1830 in California, was 
described by Hooker and Arnott as Zsopyrum occidentale. In the 
same year in their Flora of North America (vol. i. Suppl. 160) 
Torrey and Gray, while accepting Hooker’s reduction of Enemion, 
established the independence as a species of Zsopyrum biternatum 
(Enemion biternatum, Rafinesque) as against Short’s theory of 
its being merely a “‘ geographical form”’ of the European I 
thalictroides. Three species of the same type as 7. occidentale 
have since been discovered, two American and one from North- 
East Asia, all from the North Pacific region. Hnemton, there- 
fore, must be held to have justified its author’s discrimination. 
It is a fairly ‘‘ natural’’ genus, in the accepted sense, more so 
than Semiaquilegia, where there is conspicuous diversity of habit 
between Makino’s type and certain of the species which we have 
been led to include along with it, as they also exhibit the essential 
character—the conversion into scales of some of the inner 
stamens. Semiaquilegia adoxoides approaches Paraquilegia in 
general appearance and has moreover very few staminodes, whilst 
S. simulatriz, on the other hand, is in general appearance so abso- 
lutely a Columbine that it was described by Maximowicz, Fl. 
Tangut. (1889) p. 20, t. 8, f. 12, as Aquilegia ecalcarata, but apart 
from the staminodes, the petal-spurt characteristic of Aquilegia 
See ee er ae 
* cf. Spach, Suites (as above) p. 327. 
+ One modern view regards the so-called ‘ petals’ of these Helleboreae as 
‘‘highly modified staminodes ”; cf. Prantl. in Pflanzenfamilien iii. (2) p. 49 
also E. B. Payson in Contrib. United States Nat. Herb. xx. (4) 135, n. 1 
(1918.) 
