RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. Xvii 



149. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume. 



150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and having 

 no dorsal suture, 



151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures, by 

 either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the sides fall 

 off, bearing nothing but sutures, v^^hich then form a kind of frame called a 

 replum. When articulations take place across the legume and it falls into 

 several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous. 



152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the eapsule, the 

 silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo. 



153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp. 



154. The silique, (or ;wf/,) consists of two (or four) carpels fastened to- 

 gether, the placentae of which are parietal and separate from the valves, re- 

 maining in the form of a replum and connected by a membranous expan- 

 sion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is long, it is called 

 a silicLe or pouch. 



155. The gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded 

 fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and enclosed by 



> an involucre called a cupule or cup ; as in Q,uercus, 



156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their adhesion 

 when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the Grape or Gooseberry. 



157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epicarp, 

 an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, which 

 are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity, 



158. The povie is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the pericarp 

 being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly united. 



159. The pepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which do 

 not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled, fleshy, inde- 

 hiscent fruit, with parietal placentae, and usually with a firm rind ; as the 

 Melon, 



160. The most remaiikable modifications of multiple fruits are the cone, 

 pine-apple, and fig, 



161. The cone or strobile \s an indurated ament. When it is much re- 

 duced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbuhis; as in Thuja. 



162. The pine-apple is a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow togethei 

 in a fleshy mass. 



163. The /or is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within which 

 a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an achenium. 



1 64, The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity, 



165, It consist of integuments, albumen, and embryo ; a naked seed is 

 only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked, 



166, The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached by the 

 funiculus ; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into a fleshy 

 body, called the aril or arillus 



167, The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the placenta, is 

 called the hilum or umbilicus. 



