PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. 55 
2. Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce. (Fig. 122.) 
Abies Mariana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 5. 
Piao niere Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 370. 1789. 
Abies nigra Desf. Hist. Arb. 2: 580. 1809. 
Picea nigra Vink, Linnaea, 15: 520. 1841. 
Picea Mariana B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 71. 
1888. 
A slender tree, sometimes go° high, the 
trunk reaching a diameter of 2°-3°, the 
branches spreading, the bark only slightly 
roughened. Twigs stout, pubescent; ster- 
igmata pubescent; leaves thickly covering 
the twigs, deep green, stout, straight or 
curved, rarely more than }4’ long, obtuse or 
merely mucronate at the apex ; cones oval or 
ovoid, 1/-114’ long, persistent on the twigs 
for two or more seasons, their scales with en- 
tire or merely erose margins. 
Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and the 
Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, 
along the higher Alleghenies to North Caro- 
lina and to Michigan and Minnesota. Wood 
soft, weak, pale red or nearly white; weight 
per cubic foot 28 lbs. May-June. 
3. Picea rubra (Lamb.) Link. Red 
Spruce. (Fig. 123.) 
Pinus rubra Lamb. Pinus, 1: 43. pl. 28. 1803. 
Picea rubra Vink, Linnaea, 15: 521. 1841. 
Picea nigra var. rubra Engelm. Gard, Chron. 
(II.) 12: 334. 1879. 
A slender tree, sometimes reaching a 
height of 1oo° and a trunk diameter of 4°, 
the branches spreading, the bark reddish, 
nearly smooth. Twigs slender, sparingly 
pubescent ; sterigmata glabrate ; leaves light 
green, slender, straight or sometimes in- 
curved, very acute at the apex, 5’’-8’’ long; 
cones ovoid or oval, seldom more than 
1’ long, deciduous at the end of the first 
season or during the winter, their scales un- 
dulate, lacerate, or 2-lobed. 
Nova Scotia to northern New York and along 
the higher Alleghenies to southern Virginia. 
Ascends to 4500 ft. in the Adirondacks. Wood 
similar to that of the preceding species. May- 
June. 
4. TSUGA Carr. Trait. Conif. 185. 1855. 
Evergreen trees with slender horizontal or drooping branches, flat narrowly linear 
scattered short-petioled leaves, spreading and appearing 2-ranked, jointed to very short 
sterigmata and falling away in drying. Leaf-buds scaly. Staminate aments axillary, short 
or subglobose; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective slightly pro- 
duced beyond them; pollen-grains simple. Ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales 
about as long as the bracts, each bearing 2 reflexed ovules on its base. Cones small, ovoid 
or oblong, pendulous, their scales scarcely woody, obtuse, persistent. Seeds somewhat 
winged. [Name Japanese. ] 
phon 7 species, the following of eastern North America, 2 in northwestern North America, 2 or 
3 Asiatic. 
Cones 6''-10'' long, their scales remaining appressed. 1. 7. Canadensis. 
‘Cones 1'-1%' long, their scales widely spreading at maturity. 2. T. Caroliniana, 
