56 PINACEAE. 
1. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. 
Hemlock. (Fig. 124.) 
Pinus Canadensis ¥,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763. 
Abies Canadensis Michx. F1. Bor. Am, 2: 206. 
1803. 
Tsuga Canadensis Carr, Trait. Conif. 189. 1855. 
A tall forest tree, sometimes 110° high, 
the trunk reaching 4° in diameter, the lower 
branches somewhat drooping, the old bark 
flaky in scales. Foliage dense; leaves ob- 
tuse, flat, 6’’-9’’ long, less than 1/’’ wide, 
dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole 
less than one-half as long as the width of 
the blade; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as 
or slightly longer than the leaves, their 
scales suborbicular, obtuse, minutely lacerate 
or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. 
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware, 
along the Alleghenies to Alabama and to Michi- 
gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the 
Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental of 
evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak, 
brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly 
white; weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. Bark much 
used in tanning. April-May. 
2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. 
Carolina Hemlock. (Fig. 125.) | 
Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz.’6: 
223. 1881. 
Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2, 
650. 1883. 
A forest tree attaining a maximum height 
of about 80° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the 
lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly 
linear, obtuse, rather light green above, 
nearly white beneath, 7’’-10’’ long, the peti- 
ole nearly as long as the width of the blade ; 
cones 1/-1%’ long, the scales firm but 
scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely 
spreading at maturity. 
Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina in 
the Alleghenies. Wood soft, weak. brittle, light 
brown ; weight per cubic foot about 27 lbs. A 
more graceful and beautiful tree than the pre- 
ceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North 
Carolina. April. 
Be ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. 1789. 
Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear 
2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite 
persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Stam- 
inate aments axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective pro- 
longed into a short knob or point; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, 
erect ; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the 
thin or papery, mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales 
deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the 
firs. ] 
About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous 
regions. Besides the following, some7 others occur in the western parts of North America and 1 
in Mexico. 
Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales. 1. A. balsamea. 
Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales. 2. A. Fraseri. 
