GRASS FAMILY. 127 
4. Ixophorus Itdlicus (L.) Nash. Italian Millet. Hungarian Grass. 
(Fig. 283.) 
Panicum Italicum J,. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753- 
Setaria Italica R. & S. Syst. 2: 493. 1817. 
Chamaeraphis Italica Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 768. 1891. 
Ivophorus Italicus Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 423. 1895. 
Culms erect, 2°-5° tall. Sheaths smooth or scab- 
rous; leaves 6’-1° or more in length, 14’-1}4’ wide, 
generally scabrous; spikes 4/-9’ long, 2/—-2’ thick, 
usually very compound; spikelets about 11//’ long, 
elliptic equalled, or exceeded by the upwardly barbed 
generally purplish bristles; first scale less than one- 
half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved; second and 
third 5-7-nerved; fourth scale equalling or somewhat 
exceeding the second, finely and faintly transverse- 
rugose, or pitted, striate, only moderately convex; 
palet of third scale minute or wanting. 
In waste places, escaped from cultivation, Quebec to 
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Native of the 
Old World. July—Sept. 
14. CENCHRUS L,. Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753. 
Annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence in spikes. Spike- 
lets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; 
the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet 
and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar struc- 
ture which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. 
Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet. ] 
About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the following, some 4 others 
oecur in the southern parts of North America. 
1. Cenchrus tribuloides I, Bur-grass. 
Hedgehog-grass. (Fig. 284.) 
Cenchrus tribuloides V,. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. 
Cenchrus Carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788. 
Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 
usually robust, 8’-2%° long, branching freely. 
Sheaths usually very loose, compressed, smooth; 
leaves 214’-5’ long, 2’/-4’’ wide, flat or somewhat 
complanate; spikes 1/-2'%4’ long, sometimes par- 
tially included in the upper sheath; involucres 
crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, glo- 
bose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny 
burs, the spines stout; spikelets about 3’ long. 
On sandy shores and in waste places, Maine and On- 
tario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Colorado and 
Texas. Sometimes a noxious weed. Apparently per- 
ennial in the Southern States. Aug.—Sept. 
15. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell & Aschers. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: Part 2, 12. 1871. 
Tall aquatic monoecious grasses, with long flat leaves and paniculate inflorescence. 
Spikelets 1-flowered, the staminate borne at the top of the branches, the pistillate at the 
base. Scales 2, nearly equal, membranous, the outer one in the pistillate spikelets broad, 
acute and bearing an awn. Stamens 6. Styles united. Grain nearly globose, the pericarp 
readily separable. [Name in allusion to the resemblance of this grass to Z7zanza. | 
A monotypic genus, of temperate and tropical America, 
