536 SANTALACEAE. 
Family 12. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 350. 1810. 
SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 
Herbs or shrubs (some exotic genera trees), with alternate or opposite entire 
exstipulate leaves. Flowers clustered or solitary, axillary or terminal, perfect, 
monoecious or dioecious, mostly greenish. Calyx adnate to the base of the 
ovary, or to the disk, 3-6-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals none. Stamens as 
many as the calyx-lobes and inserted near their bases, or opposite them upon 
the lobed or annular disk; filaments slender or short. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 
2-4, pendulous from the summit of the central placenta; style cylindric, conic 
or sometimes none; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe or nut. Seed 1, ovoid 
or globose. ‘Testa none; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, apical. 
About 26 genera and 250 species, mostly of tropical distribution, a few in the temperate zones. 
Perennial herbs: flowers perfect, cymose or solitary. 1. Comandra, 
Shrub; flowers igiperfect, mostly dioecious, racemose. 2. Pyrularia. 
1. COMANDRA Nutt. Gen. 1:157. 1818. 
Glabrous erect perennial herbs, some (or all?) parasitic on roots of other plants. Leaves 
alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or linear, entire, pinnately veined. Flowers perfect, ter- 
minal or axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless. Calyx campanulate, the base of its 
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Stamens 5, or rarely 4, inserted 
at the bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes of the disk, attached to the middle of 
the lobes by tufts of hairs. Anthers ovate, 2-celled. Fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid, 
crowned by the persistent calyx. [Greek, referring to the hairy attachments of the anthers. ] 
Four known species, the following North American, one European. 
Cymes miostly corymbose-clustered at the summit of the stem; leaves acute, sessile; style slender, 
Leaves oblong, pale green; fruit globose-urn-shaped. 1. C. umbellata, 
Leaves lanceolate or linear, glaucous; fruit ovoid. 2. C. pallida. 
Peduncles few, axillary; leaves oval, obtuse, short-petioled; style short. 3. C. livida. 
1. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. 
Bastard Toad-flax. (Fig. 1273. 
Thestum umbellatum V.. Sp. Pl. 208. 1753. 
Comandra umbellata Nutt. Gen. 1:157. 1818. 
Stem slender, very leafy, usually branched, 6’—18” 
tall. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale 
green, acute or subacute at both ends, sessile, as- 
cending, '%/-1'{’ long, the lower smaller; cymes 
several-flowered, corymbose at the summit of the 
plant or also axillary; peduncles filiform, '4/—1/ 
long; pedicels very short; calyx greenish-white or 
purplish, about 2’’ high; style slender; drupe glo- 
bose, 2%4’/-3/’ in diameter, crowned by the upper 
part of the calyx-tube and its 5 oblong lobes. 
In dry fields and thickets, Cape Breton Island to On- 
tario and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Arizona 
and California. April-July. 
25 a ae 
2. Comandra pallida A. DC. Pale 
Comandra. (Fig. 1274.) 
Comandra pallida A, DC. Prodr. 14: 636. 1857. 
Similar to the preceding species but paler and 
glaucous, usually much branched, the leaves nar- 
rower, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the low- 
est and those of the stem oblong-elliptic; cymes 
few-several-flowered, corymbose-clustered at the 
summit; peduncles usually short; pedicels about 1// 
long; calyx purplish, about 2’ high; fruit ovoid- 
oblong, 3//-4’’ high and 2/’/-2%4’’ in diameter, 
crowned by the short upper part of the calyx-tube 
and its 5 oblong lobes. 
In dry soil, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to 
Minnesota, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and California. 
April-July 
