COMPOSITiE. 81 



or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anthers wholly 

 exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base ; the tips triangular-lanceolate. 

 Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated by a "very 

 short and low obtuse cone. Akenes terete, short, obscurely .^-nerved, from extremely long- 

 villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long 

 bristles, white or whitish. 

 H— 4— -1— Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts (with 



or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or in some species of Cacalia of 



few bracts and few-flowered : ours herbs, the flowers all fertile : heads either homogamous 



or heterogamous with ligulate rays. 

 ■w- Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition to 



Ilelemoidew.) 



190. RAILLARDELLA. Heads 15-man3'-flowered (fewer-flowered only in depauperate 

 plants), liomogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, a single 

 series of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle, or not manifestly 

 overlapping. Rece]jtacle flat. Ray -flowers (when present) witli irregular and cuneate 

 deeply 3-4-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with rather short proper tube, elongated and 

 narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teeth. Style-appendages flattish, his- 

 pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Akenes linear, somewhat terete, 

 obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 equal aristiform but soft and 

 plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas 



++ ++ Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary In-istles, from scabrous to 

 liarbellate; leaves chiefly opposite. 



191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. 

 Involucre campanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate at base, of several thin-herbaceous oblong- 

 lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat doul)le series. Receptacle flat, 

 sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated 

 hirsute tube, a funnelform or cylindraceous throat, .5-lobed at summit. Style-branches 

 flattish, at least above, there hirsute, with obtuse or acute tips. Akenes linear, more or less 

 5-10-costate or angled. 



++++++ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles ; style- 

 branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and often bearing a liearded ring at tip, which 

 sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone : leaves in our genera 

 all alternate. 



192. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous 

 and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk .5-toothed, occasion- 

 ally 5-lolied. 



193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or numerous. 

 Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually with a 

 midnerve. 



194. ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered r munerous outer 

 flowers female ; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tubular ; those of tlie 

 female flowers flliform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-toothed summit ; of the 

 hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tul)e and short cyatliiform 4-.5-lol)ed limb. Recep- 

 tacle flat, naked. Bristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish or 

 yellowish. 



Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEJ^^. Heads homogamous and tuhiflorous, the flowers all her- 

 maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes 

 long and narrow ; or sometimes radiatiform (falsely radiate) and heterogamous by 

 enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowers, which are conmionly neutral. 

 Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly flat or convex, often fimbrillate or 

 densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con- 

 nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of 

 appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the 

 simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent 



6 



