82 COMPOSITJE. 



ring or node below. Akenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous- 

 Leaves alternate, the teeth or margins often prickly. (Nearly all the indigenous 

 American representatives are Thistles.) 

 Crtptostemma CALENDtTLACEA, of S. Africa, of the tribe Arctottdece (lying between this 



tribe and Anihemidem, and to which belongs Gazania of the gardens), is a ballast-weed at some 



ports in California, which it has reached via Australia. 



Subtribe I. Carduine^. Akenes attached by their very base, mostly very glabrous : 



flowers all perfect (one Thistle dicEcious), in ours numerous or in the first genus 



rather few in the head. 



# Filaments distinct. 



■1— Leaves never prickly : style-branches partly distinct, slender . akenes oblong : filaments 

 glabrous. 



195. SAUSSUREA. Involucre obovoid to oblong; bracts appressed, muticous. Receptacle 

 with setiform chaff among the flowers, or rarely naked. Pappus of numerous plumose 

 bristles, more or less connate in an indurated ring at base, so falling from the akene in 

 connection ; with commouly some outer and smaller bristles, either less plumose or naked, 

 which are separately deciduous. 



196. ARCTIUM. Involucre globular ; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading 

 above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of 

 numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. 



-t— H— Leaves more or less prickly ; style-branclies concreted to or near the tip into a fili- 

 form or rarely short-cylindrical body ; a pubescent ring below this eitlier manifest or quite 

 obsolete akenes obovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid ; pappus simple ; its 

 numerous bristles connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection : 

 filaments bearded or pai)illose-pul)escent, rarely glabrous : involucre of numerous much 

 imbricated and often prickl^'-tipij^tl bracts, many-tlowered. 



197. CARDUUS. Bristles of the pappus naked, or at most barbellulate, not plumose: 

 otherwise like Cnicus. 



198. CNICUS. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-ydumose, or only their tips naked, or 

 those of some marginal flowers occasionally almost naked to the base. Receptacle densely 

 villous-setose. 



199. ONOPORDON. Receptacle fleshy, alveolate, not setose : pappus not plumose : other- 

 wise like Ciiirus. 



Cynara, Artichoke, Cardoon, is sparingly cultivated, hut not naturalized. 



* * Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous ; otherwise as preceding subdivision. 



200. SILYBUM. Involucre depressed-globose, of rather large and rigid bracts in a few 

 series ; their upper portion herbaceous, spinose along the margins, and tapering into a 

 rigid prickle, widely spreading. Receptacle and flowers nearly as in common Thistles. 

 Bristles of the pappus numerous in more than one series, flattish, barbellulate-ciliolate or 

 scabrous. 



Subtribe IL Centadrine^. Akenes obliquely attached by one side of the base or 

 more laterally. 



201. CENTAUREA. Involucre ovoid or globose, many-flowered, mostly firm or rigid; 

 bracts appressed and variously appendaged. Receptacle densely setose. Flowers sometimes 

 all hermaphrodite and M'ith corollas equally or obliiiuely 5-cleft into narrow lobes ; more 

 commonly the marginal ones neutral or sterile, and their corollas sometimes enlarged and 

 widely spreading, forming a kind of false ray. Style-branches eitlier concteted or partly 

 separate. Akenes obovoid or oblong, turgid or compressed, usually smooth and glabrous, 

 with a large epigyuous disk, commonly surrounded by an elevated entire or denticulate 

 margin. Pappus various, setose or partly paleaceous, occasionally obsolete or wanting. 



Tribe X. MUTISIACEiE. (Ser. Labiatiflor^e, DC.) Heads in one subtribe ho- 

 mogamous, the hermaphrodite flowers all with regularly 5-cIeft corollas ; otherwise 

 either homogamous or heterogamous and corollas bilabiate in the hermaphrodite 



