THE GARDENIA AND COFFEE FAMILY, i6i 



plants with a long-tubed corolla and a two -celled 

 capsule. The parts of the flowers are usually in fours ; 

 and the two opposite leaves have small stipules 

 between them. It supplies a sort of passage to the 

 tribe Stellatce, of which Ru'hia, which used to supply 

 the red colour known as Madder, and Ga'lium belong ; 

 the first has its flowers usually in fives and the second 

 in fours. Ru'hia peregri'na, the only English species, 

 has been introduced into the Colony. 



Ga'lium. — G. Apari'ne, which is now growing through- 

 out the Colony, is an introduction from Europe. It is 

 excessively common in England, clambering over 

 hedges by means of its little hooks, and dispersing 

 its fruit by their clinging to dogs, sheep, etc. The 

 full details of the plant are given in the accompanying 

 illustration. 



The so-called leaves make a whorl of six to eight in 

 number (Fig. 66), but only two are true leave?, of 

 which one has the branch arising from its axil, and the 

 other is exactly opposite to it. All the rest of the 

 whorl are stipules. The reasons for saying so are, 

 first, that all other members of the order, other than 

 those of the tribe Stellatce, have small and unmistak- 

 able stipules between the opposite leaves. Secondly, 

 stipules never issue out of a stem in the same way 

 as do leaves; and as this can be readily seen in 

 Galium, it may be explained here. If a stem be cut 

 across just above a node, but as close as possible to the 



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