324 POPULAR FIELD BOTANY. 
very large lower leaves, stalked and heart-shaped. The 
flowers are purple, and the calyx or involucres, bemg covered 
with hooked bristles, they fasten themselves to clothes and 
the coats of animals, and by this means the seed is distributed 
from the parent stem. Small leaves are scattered amongst 
the flowers on the upper branches. 
SYNGENESIA. /AJQUALIS. 
CoOROLLIFLOR&, ASTERACE. 
CARDUUS (Tuistie), and CNICUS (PLume Tutsrtz,) 
Are two genera very difficult to simplify, and the young 
student must be satisfied with a general description, so as 
to have an idea of the genera without entering into specific 
distinctions. The generic difference hes in the pappus, or 
feathery wing attached to the seed, being in Carduus rough, 
and in Cuidus feathery. They have both a swollen znvolucre, 
prickly with spinous scales, /eaves and stalks more or less 
covered with prickles and spines at the edges; some are 
particularly so, and extremely difficult to be gathered, as the 
Cyicus Ertopnorus, Woolly-headed Plume Thistle, a large 
handsome species, found on limestone soil. They generally 
