INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. XU 
obliquely overlaps the adjoining one on one side, and is overlapped by 
the adjoiing one on the other side. In valvate wstivation, if the edges 
are much inflexed, the estivation is said to be induplicate ; involute, if the 
margins are inrolled ; and reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into 
salient angles; plicate, when folded together in plaits; crwmpled, when 
puckered irregularly, as in the petals of a poppy. 
90. In general shape the Corolla is, 
tubular, when the whole or the greater part forms a tube or a 
cylinder. 
campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup 
or bell. 
wreeolate, when the tube is swollen, but contracted at the top, and 
slightly expanded again into a narrow rim, as in many 
Heaths. 
rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally 
from the base, or nearly so, like the rays of a wheel or star. 
hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical, 
and the upper portion expanded horizontally. In this case the 
term tude is restricted to the cylindrical part, and the horizontal 
portion is called the dimb, whether it be divided to the base or 
not. 
infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical below, 
but gradually enlarged upwards into a subcampanulate limb, 
of which the lobes either stand erect or spread horizontally. 
The upper orifice of the tube of a monopetalous corolla is often called its 
mouth or throat. 
Irregular corollas have received various names; some of the most im- 
portant are 
bilabiate, or two-lipped corolla, when in a four or five-lobed corolla 
(or calyx) the two or three upper lobes stand obviously apart, 
like an upper lip, from the two or three lower lobes, that form 
an under lip. 
personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a 
projection from the base of the upper or lower lip, called a 
palate ; as in Snapdragon, Nemesia, etc. 
ringent, when strongly two-lipped and the orifice of the tube very 
open. 
spurred, when the tube, or the lower part of the petal has a conical, 
hollow projection, compared to the spur of a cock; saccate, 
when the spur is short and round, like a little bag; gidbous, 
when swollen or enlarged at one side. 
resupinate, or reversed, when the under lip is turned up, or appears 
SO. 
The above terms are mostly applied to monopetalous corollas. Terms 
applied to certain forms of corolla distinctive of certain Natural Orders will 
be explained under the respective Orders. 
§ 11. The Stamens. 
91. The stamens or fertilizing organs of a flower, though in a theoretical 
point of view regarded as metamorphosed leaves, are yet, except in a few 
cases of petal-like stamens, very different in shape and aspect from leaves, 
sepals, or petals. 
92. Usually a stamen consists of a stalk or ji/ament, bearing at the 
summit an anther, divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells 
are filled with pollen, commonly existing as minute grains, forming a 
yellow dust, which on the expansion of the flower is scattered abroad 
from an opening in each cell, called a s/it or pore. The part of the anther 
