X1V INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
which connects the two cells is called the connective ; it is sometimes a 
“ line, but often variously expanded, causing the cells to separate more 
or less. 
93. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the 
stamen is perfect; but if the anther, which is the essential part, be want- 
ing, or does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said 
to be barren, abortive, or rudimentary (67), according to the degree to 
which the imperfection is carried. Imperfect stamens are often called 
staminodia. 
94, In unsymmetrical flowers the stamens of each whorl are sometimes 
reduced in number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in 
several Natural Orders or genera they are multiplied indefinitely. The 
terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers which have 
really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. When 
several stamens are united into one piece, the flower is said to be 
synandrous. 
95, Stamens are, 
monadelphous, when united by their filaments into one company or 
cluster. This cluster either forms a ring or tube round the 
pistil, or, if the pistil be wanting, occupies the centre of the 
flower. 
diadelphous, when so united into two clusters. In many Leguminose 
9 stamens are united by their filaments into a tube, sht on the 
upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. In Fumariacee 
there are two equal groups, each consisting of 3 (orrather $, 1, 
3) stamens. 
triadelphous, pentadelphous, polyadelphous, when so united into 3, 5, 
or several clusters. 
syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, 
the filaments usually remaining free; as in the Composite. 
didynamous, when (as in a bilabiate flower) there are 4 stamens 
in two pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the 
other. 
tetradynamous, when (in Crucifere) there are six, four of them longer 
than the others. 
96. An Anther is, 
adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appear- 
ing to lie their whole length along the upper part of the 
filament. 
versatile, when attached near their middle to the extreme point of 
the filament, so as to swing loosely. 
innate, when firmly attached by their base to the apex of the fila- 
ment. This is a modification of adnate. 
97. Anther-cells may be parallel; or diverging at a less or a greater 
angle; or divaricate, when placed end to end, so as to form a nearly straight 
line. The end of each anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is gene- 
rally called its apex or summit, and the other end its dase; but by some 
authors the sense of these terms is reversed. 
98. Anthers have often on their connective, or on their cells, appen- 
dages termed bristles (sete), spurs, crests, points, glands, etc.: according to 
their appearance. (See Diosmee, Ericacea, etc.) 
99. Anthers have occasionally only one cell; this may take place either 
by the disappearance of the septum between two very closely-placed 
cells, which thus become confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency 
of one cell, when the anther is said to be dimidiate, or halved. 
100. Anthers at maturity will open or dehisce, to let out the pollen, 
either by valves, pores, or slits. The dehiscence is said to be introrse when 
