INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. wax 
Any two parts of the flower are, 
coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be 
separated with little or no laceration. Hach of the two cohe- 
rent parts may be said to be adherent to the other, but the 
latter term is often used to express a closer union than mere 
coherence. [Some authors restrict cohesion to the connation 
or confluence of parts of the same whorl; and adhesion to the 
connation or confluence of parts of different whorls. | 
connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated with- 
out laceration. Each of the two connate parts, and especially 
that one which is considered the smaller or of the least import- 
ance, is said to be adnate to the other. 
free, when neither coherent nor connate. 
distinct is also used in the same sense, but is likewise applied to 
parts distinctly visible, or distinctly limited. 
§ 15. The Fruit. 
130. The Fruit consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the 
flower persist at the time the seed is ripe, usually enlarged and altered in 
shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the 
period of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to 
the ground with the seed. 
131. Fruits are often said to be sdmple, when formed in a single flower ; 
compound (or more properly collective), when they proceed from several 
flowers closely packed or combined in a head. In descriptive botany a 
fruit is always supposed to result from a single flower, unless the contrary 
be stated. In compound fruits (the fruits of several flowers) the involucre 
or bracts often persist and form part of the fruit, but very seldom so in 
simple fruits. 
132. The pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary and 
whatever adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, ex- 
clusive also of the persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the 
calyx persists round the ovary without adhering to it. 
133. Fruits may be divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, and 
juicy) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out 
the seeds ; zndehiscent, when they do not open spontaneously, but fall off 
with the seeds. Succulent fruits are almost always indehiscent. 
134. The principal succulent fruits are, 
the Jerry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or 
pulpy, with the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the 
epicarp. 'The seeds are usually immersed in the pulp. 
the drupe or stone-frwit, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of 
two distinct portions, an outer succulent one called the sarcocarp 
or mesocarp (covered by a skin or epicarp) and an inner dry en- 
docarp, called the putamen or stone. When there are two or 
more stones, they are called pyrenes. 
135. The principal dry fruits are, 
the achene, or akene, including all one-seeded, dry and hard, inde- 
hiscent, seed-like small fruits, popularly called “naked seeds.” 
Such fruits may arise from free one-seeded carpels (as in the 
Buttercup); or from adherent or inferior carpels (as in the 
Composite.) 
the wtricle, similar to the akene, but with a thin and loose mem- 
branous pericarp. 
the nut, a hard, one-celled, one-seeded fruit like an akene, but 
larger, and usually resulting from a plurilocular ovary, all of 
whose cells and ovules, save one, become obliterated in the ripe 
fruit ; as in the Hazel-nut, Acorn, etc. ce 2 
