vi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
called vids or nerves ; the smaller branches then retaining the names veins 
or veinlets. When one principal nerve runs direct from the stalk towards 
the apex of the leaf, it is called the midrib. When several start from the 
stalk, diverge slightly without branching, and converge again towards the 
summit, they are said to be parailel, although not mathematically so. The 
venation is said to be reticulate or netted, when the veins and veinlets are 
inosculated together like the meshes of a net; such veins are said to 
anastomose together. ; 
40. The lobes, segments, or leaflets of leaves are, 
pinnate, when several succeed each other on each side of the midrib or 
- common petiole (compared to the branches of a feather). A 
pinnately-lobed leaf is called pinnatifid. A pinnately-lobed or 
divided leaf is called /yrate, when the terminable lobe or segment 
is very much larger and broader than the lateral ones; rwneinate, 
when the lateral lobes are curved backwards towards the base 
of the leaf; pect‘nate, when the lobes resemble the teeth of a 
comb. 
palnate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point ; com- 
pared to the fingers of a hand. A leaf with palmate lobes is 
called palmatifid. 
ternate, when three only start from the same point. A leaf with 
ternate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with 3 leaflets, like a trefoil, 
is trifoliolate ; and when the common petiole is prolonged beyond 
the insertion of the lateral leaflets, carrying forward the terminal 
one a short distance, it is pinnately trifoliolate or wnijugate. 
pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches 
are forked, the outer one of each fork again forked, and so on, 
and all the branches start from near the base ; vaguely compared 
to the foot of a bird. A leaf with pedate lobes is called pedatifid. 
41. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets may be again and again 
toothed, lobed, divided, or compounded. Some leaves are 3-4 or many 
times divided or compounded. In the latter case they are termed 
decompound. 
42. The number of leaves, or of their parts, is expressed adjectively by 
the following numerals, derived from the Latin :— 
uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, decem-, multi-, 
1, 2-, 3-, 4-, =] 6-, ey 8-, 9-, 10-, many-, 
prefixed to a termination, indicating the part referred to. 
Thus, 
unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean 1-toothed, 2-toothed, many- 
toothed. 
bifid, trifid, multifid :—2-lobed, 3-lobed, many-lobed. 
unifoliolate, bifoliolate :—with one leaflet, with two leaflets, etc. 
unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, with one, two, or many pairs of 
pinne, or leaflets of a pinnate leaf. 
bipinnate, tripinnate, etc., twice pinnate, thrice pinnate. 
biternate, triternate, twice ternate, thrice ternate. 
43. Leaves, or their parts or any other flat organs of plants are, 
linear, when long and narrow, at least 4-5 times as long as broad, 
with two margins nearly parallel ; 
subulate, or awl-shaped, when long and narrow, tapering to a sharp 
point ; gengent, when the point is rigid and piercing. 
lanceolate, when three or more times as long as broad, broadest just 
below the middle, and tapering towards the summit ; 
cuneate, when broadest above the middle, blunt at the apex, and 
tapering to the base; compared to an inverted wedge ; jlabelli- 
form or fan-shaped, is broadly cuneate and rounded at top. 
