^14 COMPOSITiE. 



1/30 inch, spreading. Anthers exserted, dark. Style 

 exserted ; arms subulate. Achenes white % inch, terete 

 but obscurely ten-ribbed : pappus brown, % inch, 

 fugacious, t. 148. 



The spreading florets remind one of the Knapweed. After the fruits 

 have dispersed the empty involucres remain some considerable time, the 

 outer scales reflexed and chocolate brown in colour, the inner erect. 



In the grass of the open downs, abundant in places. Flowers 

 July to October. Pulneys : very common above Kodaikanal. 

 Nilgiris. Fysoti 2661, 525, 20491. Boiirtie 71, 1000, 1026. 

 Not elsewhere. 



VERNONIA. F.B.I. 78 V. 



Herbs, shrubs or even trees with alternate leaves and 

 cymose panicles of flower-heads, characterised by the 

 many rows of involucral bracts, narrow or broad but not 

 leafy ; the purple florets, all tubular and equal ; a persist- 

 ent pappus to the achene, which latter has ten ribs and 

 often a circle of short scales round the flat top outside 

 the pappus; and anthers cleft at the base. 



Species about 400. Mostly in America and chiefly in the 

 tropics. Not in Europe. 



Known in America and the colonies as Ironweed ; Fr. Vernonie, Ger. 

 Bitterolse. 



Herb with narrow acute involucral bracts . . V. conyzoides. 

 Involucral bracts with long points and outer filiform . . . . 



V. peninsularis Clarke. 



Shrub with blunt, not narrow, involucral bracts 



V. pectiniformis. 

 Dense shrub with round backed leaves, brown underneath. 



V. cormorinensis. 

 Tree with slender, one-flowered heads .... V. monosis. 



Vcrnonia peninsularis Clarke; F.B.I.ux 233, V 15. 

 Distinguished from our other species by the long slender 

 points to the involucral bracts. 



Stem simple or branched, ribbed, covered with 

 short or long hairs sometimes almost shaggy, flexible. 

 Leaves 2 to 4 by ij^ to 2^/2 inches, shortly stalked. 



