INTRODUCTION ^^ 



occur with the scrub. In the ground flora are Wood 

 Anemone, GoldielockS; Wood Violet, Wood Stitch- 

 wort, Bush Vetch, Avens, Enchanter's Nightshade, 

 Sanicle, Burdock, Primrose, Germander Speedwell, 

 Ground Ivy, Self-heal, Bugle, Twayblade, Woodrush, 

 Tussock Grass, etc. 



When a damp oakwood degenerates into neutral 

 grassland without a tree or scrub layer, it is charac- 

 terised by the dominance of particular grass types 

 such as Rye Grass, Crested Dog's Tail, Sweet Vernal 

 Grass, Cock's Foot Grass, etc. The other types 

 include Meadow Crowfoot, Cuckoo Flower, Mouse 

 Ear Chickweed, Red Clover, White Clover, Bird's 

 Foot Trefoil, Yellow Meadow Vetchling, Agrimony, 

 Burnet Saxifrage, Devil's Bit Scabious, Daisy, Com- 

 mon Ragwort, Marsh Thistle, Hawksbeard, Dande- 

 lion, Speedwells, Bartsia, Ribwort Plantain, Sorrel, 

 Spotted Orchis, Glaucous Sedge, etc. 



When the meadow^ is lowland, and in proximity to 

 aquatic vegetation, a nish society is formed, with 

 Lesser Spearwort, Cuckoo Flower, Marsh Marigold, 

 Ragged Robin, Starwort, Great Bird's Foot Trefoil, 

 Pennywort, Marsh Bedstraw, Water Ragwort, Horse- 

 mint, Common Spike Rush, many rushes, sedges, 

 Manna Grass, Rough Meadow Grass, Horsetail, etc. 



On sandy soil derived from older sands and sand- 

 stones the type of woodland is drier, and made up 

 of the pedunculate oak, or the sessile oak, on shallow 

 soil, or both, with occasional Birch. The scrub con- 

 sists of Hawthorn, Sloe, Birch, Aspen, Rowan, etc. 



