INTRODUCTION 79 



include Hawthorn, Gorse, Rowan, Cherry, Crab, 

 Broom, Juniper, Willows, etc. 



The ground vegetation includes Ling, Whortle- 

 berry, Bell Heather, Bracken, Heath Hair Grass, 

 Woodsage, Tormentil, Cow-wheat, Heath Bedstraw, 

 Common Speedwell, Blue Hair Grass, etc. 



On a typical heath on sandy soil, few plants grow 

 below the dominant Ling or Heaths, or Whortle- 

 berry, but other characteristic types are found, such 

 as Milkwort, Purging Flax, Gorse, Broom, Heath 

 Hair Grass, Saw Wort, Harebell, Dodder, Red Louse- 

 Wort, Woodsage, Bent Grass, Mat Grass, Purple 

 Moor Grass, Bracken, Hard Fern, etc. On wet 

 heaths. Bog Violet, Sundew, Ling, Cross-leaved 

 Heath, Dwarf Willow, Rushes, Oval Sedge, Purple 

 Moor Grass, Bog Mosses, occur. 



In some parts heaths are characterised by Pine- 

 woods with Ling, Tormentil, Trienialis, Whortleberry, 

 Bearberry, Cowberry, Heath Hair Grass, Juniper. 

 Lichens occur on black peat. 



On siliceous soils the chief tree is the sessile oak, 

 with birch at higher altitudes, above 1000 ft., up to 

 which (or about 800 ft.) the former grows. With 

 these grow Wych Elm, Rowan, Holly, Ash, Aspen, 

 Lime, Cherry. There is a shrub layer of many 

 species of brambles, and roses, with Sloe, Hawthorn, 

 Broom, Gorse. According as the soil is damp or 

 dry, the ground flora varies somewhat. In the former 

 the characteristic plants are the Wood Anemone, 

 Bitter Cress, Red Campion, Wood Stitchwort, Water 



