INTRODUCTION 83 



ash oakwood with Hazel, Wayfaring Tree, Spindle 

 Wood, Clematis, Cornel, Privet, Field Maple. The 

 ground flora includes Wood Violet, Oxlip, Hairy 

 St. John's Wort, Gromwell, Nettle-leaved Bellflower, 

 Herb Paris, Meadow Saffron, Helleborines, Stinking 

 Iris or Gladdon, Dog's Mercury, Finger Sedge, etc. 



Aquatic vegetation consists of fresh -water aquatic 

 formations with an association of plants that grow 

 in foul water, with plankton, and submerged-leaf, 

 floating-leaf, and reed swamp associations. 



Where the water is relatively rich in mineral salts 

 in almost stagnant water the submerged plants include 

 Mare's tail, Water Milfoil, Water Violet, Canadian 

 Waterweed,etc., and those with floating leaves include 

 Water Buttercups, Yellow Water Lily, Amphibious 

 Knotgrass, Arrowhead, Ivy-leaved Duckweed, Least 

 Duckweed, Pondweed (see Fig. 17), Manna Grass. 



In the reed swamp grow Purple Loosestrife, Hairy 

 Willow Herb, Water Dropwort, Yellow Loosestrife, 

 Great Water Dock, Rushes, Pond Sedge, etc. (see 

 Fig. 18). 



In slowly flowing waters there are different types of 

 Water Buttercup, Water Dropwort, Bur Reed, Pond- 

 weed, Bulrush, and at the margin Brookweed, Marsh 

 Forget-me-not, Marshwort, Great Hairy Willow 

 Herb, etc., with floating-leaf types as Yellow Water 

 Lily (see Fig. 19), Duckweed, and in the reed swamp 

 Meadow Rue, Yellow Rocket, Meadow Sweet, Reed- 

 mace, Yellow Flag, Water Plantain, Sedges, Sweet 

 Reed Grass. 



