110 THE FRUIT. 



537. Anatropous when completely inverted. In this state a por- 

 tion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming a ridge called raphe, 

 reaching from the chalaza to the hilum. 



538. It is campylotropous when curved upon itself. In this state 

 the micropyle is brought near to the chalaza, and both are next the 

 placenta, as in the pinks and Cruciferse. 



539. Amphitkopous when half inverted, so that its axis becomes 

 parallel with the placenta, as in mallow. Here the raphe exists, but 

 is short. In campylotropous there is no raphe. 



The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet ; but a cavity, the 

 embryo sac, is already provided to receive it just within the upper end 

 of the nucleus. 



540. The relations op the ovule to the pollen grain will bo more suit- 

 ably discussed hereafter under the head of fertilization. "We briefly remark hero 

 that the immediate contact of the two is brought about at the time of flowering by 

 special arrangements ; and that, as the undoubted result of their combined action, 

 the embryo soon after originates in the embryo sac. 



CHAPTER XIII 



THE FRUIT. 



541. Its origin. After having imbibed the pollen which the an- 

 thers have discharged, the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and 

 enlargement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit 

 of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary 

 brought to perfection. 



542. State of the other parts in fruit. The other organs of the flower, 

 having accomplished their work, the fertilization of the ovary, soon wither and fall 

 away. Some of them, however, often persist, to protect or become blended with 

 the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior calyx (§ 446) always blends with 

 the ovary in fruit, as in currant, cucumber, apple, etc. In Compositas the persistent 

 limb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In buttercups the fruit is beaked with 

 the short, persistent style. In Clematis, Geum, it is caudate (tailed) with the long, 

 growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiatre, and many others, the inferior calyx 

 continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. 



543. Consolidated fruit. In some cases the fruit, so-called, consists of the re- 

 ceptacle and ovaries blended, as in blackberry, strawberry. Again, in mulberry, 

 fig, pine-apple, the whole inflorescence is consolidated into the matured fruit. 



544. A rule and exception. As a rule, the structure of the fruit 

 agrees essentially with that of the ovary. In many cases, however, the 

 fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary 

 as to disguise its real structure. An early examination, therefore, is 

 always more reliable in its results than a late one. 



