190 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and 

 always in the same manner as in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Mass. 

 Massachusetts ; N. Y. New York ; la. or Ind. Indiana ; Car. Carolina ; La. Lou- 

 isiana; etc. 



Tlit following Signs are also in general use : — 



® An annual plant. ^ A plant with a woody stem. 



@ A biennial plant. $ A staminate flower or plant. 



11 A perennial herb. S A pistillate flower or plant. 



# A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 



§ Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. 



S $ Dioecious ; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. 



$ £ $ Polygamous ; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect 

 flowers. 



"Wanting or none. 



CO Indefinite, or numerous. 



0= Cotyledons aecumbent. ) 



0| Cotyledons incumbent. > Used only in the Cruciferae. 



0» Cotyledons conduplicate. ) 



8 A naturalized plant. 



f A plant cultivated for ornament. 



\ A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a 

 description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of 

 division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs 

 are adopted in this work : — 



f (without the period) A foot. 



' (a single accent) An inch. 



" (double accent) A line (one twelfth of '). 



! The note of exclamation, common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to 

 the note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal obserm- 

 tion. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either 

 In or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the 

 writer has examined specimens supplied by him. Its use in the present work is 

 discontinued, except in the case of controverted facts. 



Authors' names are usually abbreviated, as follows : 



Adans. Adanson. 

 A. DC. Alphonsc. Do Candolle. 

 Ait. Aiton. 

 Am. Arnott. 

 , Aubl. Aub'lct. 

 Bart. Barton. 

 Beauv. Beauvois. 

 Benth. Bentham. 

 Berl. Berlandier. 

 Bernh. Bernhardi. 

 Brongn. Broneniart. 

 Bigl.. or B\v. Bigelow. 

 Boeiim. Boehmer. 

 Bong. Bongard. 

 Br. Brown. 

 Cass. Cassini. 

 Cav. Cavanilles. 

 Cham. Chamisso. 

 DC. De Candolle. 

 Desf. Desfontaines. 

 Desv. Desvaux. 

 Dew. Dewey. 

 Dill. Dillenins. 

 Duh. Duliamcl. 

 Dumort. Dumortier. 

 Endl. Endlicher. 

 Ehrh. Khrkart 

 Ell. Elliot. 

 Engel. Encelmann. 

 Froel. Frcelicli. 

 Ga?rt. Gpertner. 

 Gmol. Giuelin. 



Grev. Greville. 



Griseb. Grisebach. 



(iron. Gronovius. 



Hedw. Hedwig. 



Hoffm. Hoffman. 



Hook. Hooker. 



Huds. Hudson. 



.Tuss. Jussieu. 



Lag. Lagasca. 



Lam. Lam ark. 



Lamb. Lambert. 



Lehm. Lehmann. 



Lindl. Lindley. 



L. or Linn. Linnseus. 



Lk. Link. 



Mart. Martius. 



Mentz. Mentzel. 



Michx. Michaux. 



Michx. £ [filius), Michaux the 



vonnser. 

 Mill. Miller. 

 Mirb. Mirbel. 

 Mcencb. Moencbausen. 

 Mnhl. Muhlenberg. 

 Nees. Nees von Esenbeck, 

 Nutt. Nnttall. 

 Pav. Pavon. 

 Pers. Persoon. 

 Pall. Pallas. 

 Pluk. Plukenet. 

 Plum. Plumier. 



Poir. Poiret. 



Ph. Pursh. 



E. Br. Robert Brown. 



Ilaf. Rafinesque. 



Rich. Richard. 



Richn. Richardson. 



Ream. Rcerncr. 



Salisb. Salisbury. 



Schw. Schwenitz. 



Scbrad. Schrader. 



Scliult. Schultes. 



Scop. Scopoli. 



Ser. Seringe. 



Schk. Schkuhr. 



Sm. Smith. 



Soland. Solander. 



Spr. Sprengel. 



Steud. Steudel. 



Sw. Swartz. 



T. & G., Ton-. & Gr., Torrey A 



Gray. 

 Torr. Torrey. 

 Tourn. Tournefort. 

 Trin. Trinius. 

 Traut. Trautvettcr. 

 Vaill. Vaillant. 

 Vent. Ventenat. 

 Wahl. "Wahlenberg. 

 Willd. Willdenow. 

 Walt. Wnlter. 

 Wulf. Wulfea. 



