C42 Order 119.— CTJPULIFERJ3. 



and a comparatively small kernel difficult of extraction. Taste inferior to the 

 shellbark. Wood with a small duramen, excellent for fuel. Apr., May. 



7 C. glabra Torr. Pignut. Lfts. 5 or 7, ovate-lanceolate, subacumiuate, serrate, 

 nearly glabrous both sides; fruit roundish-obovate or ■pyriform, half i-valved; nut 

 smooth and oven or slightly angular, hard, thin-sMled, with a bitterish but eatable 

 kernel. — Forests U. S. and Can., growing to the height of 60 — 1 OOf. Trunk 1 to 

 2|f diam., covered with a moderately even bark. Lfts. mostly 7, often 5. some- 

 times 9, the odd one tapering to a short stalk. The fruit is considerably variable 

 in form and quality, often pear-shaped, then obovate or roundish, always some- 

 what bitter. Wood exceedingly tough and hard, and excelleut for fuel. Mar., 

 May. (Juglaus, Muhl. C. porcina Nutt.) 



8 C. microcarpa Nutt. Lfts. 5 or 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular be- 

 neaih, serrate, conspicuously acuminate; aments glabrous; fr. roundish-ovoid, 

 valves thin, united below; nut thin-shelled, small, slightly quadrangular. — A large 

 treo 60 to 80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. to Ky. and Tenn.? Trunk 1£ to 

 2f diam. with an even bark. Lfts. mostly 5, often 7, 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', the under 

 surface tufted in the axils of tho veinlets, and sprinkled with dark glandular dote. 

 Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate, eatable. 

 May. 



Order CXIX. CUPTJLIFER^E. Mastworts. 



Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined, with deciduous stipules. 

 Flowers monoecious, the sterile in aments which are racemed or capitate. 6 Calyx 

 scale-like or regular, with 5 to 20 stamens inserted at its base. S Calyx tube 

 adherent to the ovary, the toothed limb crowning its summit. Ovary 2 to 3 to 6- 

 celled, with sessile stigmas and 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded 

 nut, solitary or several together invested by an involucre which forms a scaly or 

 ochinato cupule. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by tho embryo with its large 

 cotyledons. Illust. in figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 71, 138, 139, 140, 202, 418, 438, 471, 472, 473, 

 474. 46. B. 



Oenera 8, species 265, constituting a largo portion of tho forests of tho northern temperate 

 regions, and of mountainous tracts within the tropics. 



I'roperties. — The bark of tho oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. 

 The edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beech, <fcc, are too well known to require description. 

 Cork is tho bark of Quercus Suber. Nutt galls aro produced from the petioles of Q. infectoria of 

 Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. But tho timber is of the highest quality 

 »nii value, 



GENERA. 



5 Storilo flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. (*) 



* Involucre of many scales, valveleea, cup-like, partly enclosing tho 1 nut Qcebccb. i 



* Involucre of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts Cutanea. 2 



* Involucre of 6oft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts. Fagus. 3 



* Involucre of 2 or S largo, lacerated, united scales, valvcless, with 1 — 2 nuts..C0RTLua. 4 

 | Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. (*) 



* Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated Ostrta. 5 



* Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 3-lobed, becoming leaf-like Cakpinus. 6 



1. QUER'CUS, L. Oak. (Celtic quer, fine, cuez, tree. The Celtic 

 name is drys, hence druid.) $ Fls. in loose aments ; calyx mostly 5- 

 eleft ; stamens 5 — 10. $ Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; ovary 3-celled, 

 6-ovuled (Fig. 418), 2 of tho cells and 5 of the ovule3 abortive; stigmas 

 3 ; nut (acorn) coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base 

 by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule. — A noblo genus of trees, 

 rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers 

 separate, in one section, not maturing fruit until the second year (fruit 

 biennial). Timber invaluable. Fig. 4'20. 



