PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD 



37 



of leaflike organs on the outside are lance-shaped, the inner ones linear, 

 acute. Thev are bent back. The ravs of the tlowerheads are small. 

 and not much longer than the involucres or \vhorls of bracts, which are 

 unequal. The pappus or hair is red, and the fruit is hairy. The ray 

 florets are divided and in 



a single row. 



The height of 

 [)lant is about 2 tt 

 is in flower in July 



Augfust. 



this 



It 



and 



t IS a decidu- 



ous, herbaceous peren- 

 nial, [)ropagated by seeds. 



The ray florets may 

 be female or neuter, ligu- 

 late, with slender style 

 lobes, while the florets of 

 the disk are tubular and 

 bise.Kual, with the lobes 

 of the style short. 



This plant is v'isited 

 by many insects, Apida", 

 Halicliis leiicozoniis, H. 

 cylindricits, H. viacula- 

 tns, H. albipes, Nomada 

 solidagin is, S ph egi die, 

 Sc'jreris. 



The fruits are pro- 

 vided with pappLJS, which 

 is rough and in one row, 

 and they arc? thus ada[)ted 

 for dispersal by the wind. 



Ploughman's Spike- 

 nard is a rock plant. 



growing on barren, rocky ground on rock soil, or on sand derived 

 from the rocks of chiefly older date, or on calcareous soils. 



■|"wo moths, Gelechia bifractella, Pterophorus lithodactylns, feed 

 on it. 



Inuia, Horace, is derixed from the Greek Hclci/ioii, a plant sup- 

 posed to have been the elecampane, and the second Latin name refers 

 to the squarrose nature of the leaves and bracts of the involucre. 



This plant is called Ginnamon Root, Flcawort, Ploughman's Spike- 



Plir.io. Il.itlets & G.irnctt 



Ploughman's Spikenard (Inula squarrosa, Bernh.) 



