222 



FLOWERS OF WASTE PLACES, ETC. 



pointed processes at the base, and honey is thus only reached by lonj;- 

 lipped insects, hairs bordering the groove protecting the honey and 

 keeping it in position. The closing of the swollen lower lip excludes 

 beetles from the spur. The palate of the lower lip is orange, and 

 acts as a path-tinder, the insect depressing it, and pushing its head 

 within the wide part of the spur, touching the anther and stigma with 



its back. These mature 

 together, the stigma be- 

 ing between the short 

 and long stamens, and a 

 bee causes both self- and 

 cross -pollination, while 

 ■ ,_' ■ _ . the plant can also polli- 



nate itself It is visited 

 by the Honey Bee, 

 Bombiis, JMegachile, Os- 

 mia, Aiithidhim, Aji- 

 drcna, and several Eor- 

 micidje. 



The capsule opens 

 1)\' several \'al\'es above, 

 and the seeds are liber- 

 ated so that they fall 

 out near the parent stem, 

 or are jerked out or blown 

 away by the wind. The 

 outer cells contract most, 

 the wall curves outwards, 

 and the upper end of the 

 capsule opens. 



It is largely a sand- 

 loving plant growing on sand soil or lime .soil, being common on chalk, 

 limestone, and Oolite. 



Toadflax is galled by Dip/osis /iiian'a- and Gyuinctron co/liiiiis. 

 G. uoctis. Other beetles, Bracliypterits gravidis, JMcligethcs obscitrus. 

 and CIirvso!i/c/a viai-giualis, are also found on it; also the moths Striped 

 Hawk Moth i^Dcilcphila Ik'oj-iiicn), Broom Moth {Ca/op/iasia /iiiaritc). 

 Toadflax Pug {Hadcna pisi), Ik-autiful Pug [E7(pitliccia linariatd). 

 and Marbled Clover {Heliothis dipsaceits), a Heteropterous insect, 

 L op us flat 'oma rgina/ns. 



The second Latin name indicates its common occurrence. It is 



I'lioto, I-laitcrs &- Garnett 



Common Toadflax {Linaria vulgaris. Mill.) 



