HEIJ.EBORINE 45 



The tree is 80 tt. lii!-;H- It. tU)\vcrs in April and May. Il is a 

 deciduous tree propagated by seeds. 



The flowers are adapted, as in S. fragilis, to visits by insects, and 

 are also pollinated by the wind, having been derived from such 

 ancestors (see S. fragills). The honey is half-concealed. 



The seeds are fringed with white silky hairs, and are thus blown 

 to a distance by aid ot the wind. The hairs help to fasten the seed 

 also when it has come to rest on the ground. 



Like other willows White Willow is a humus-loving plant growing" 

 on a peat soil, but is also a clay-loving plant (pelophilous) and will 

 grow on clav soil. 



The margins of the leaves are galled by Eriophyes viarginatus 

 and Cccidoviyia claitsilia. A beetle, lilatci' sangitinciis {nijipciniis); 

 several Hymenoptera, Cinibex variabilis, Neviatiis caprca-; Lepidop- 

 tera, Camberwell Beauty {^Vanessa antiopa). Red-tipped Clearwing 

 {Tivckihtvi formic(pforiiiis). Striped Twin-spot Carpet {Cidaria sali- 

 catd)\ se\'eral llomoptera, Idioceris adust us, I. cuprcus, I. Iicrricliii, 

 visit it. 



The second Latin name refers to the white colour of the tree, due 

 to the pubescence of the leaves. This tree is called Duck Willow and 

 White Willow. 



It is used for fencing-poles, crates, fuel, being pollarded like the 

 Crack W illow, and the bark is used for tanninor. 



Essential Si'ecific Characters: — 



285. Salix alba, L. — Tree, spreading, twigs pliable, leaves lanceol- 

 ate, silky both sides, catkins la.x, erect, capsule subsessile. 



Helleborine (Helleborine longifolia, Rendle and Britten 

 = lipipactis palus/ris, Crantz) 



There is no trace of this Orchid in a fossil state. It is found at the 

 present day in I-Lurope and -Siberia in the North Temperate Zone. In 

 Great Britain it is found in the Peninsula province, but not in W. Corn- 

 wall; in the Channel province, except in W. Sussex; in the Thames 

 province, except in .S. Es.sex; in Anglia, except in Hunts; in the 

 Severn province not in Gloucs, Monmouth; S. Wales in Glamorgan 

 and Carmarthen; N. Wales not in Montgomery or Merioneth; in the 

 Trent pro\ince; in the Mersey, Humber, Tyne, Lakes provinces, 

 except in the Isle of Ahui; and in Berwick, Haddington, Edinburgh, 

 Fife, N. Ebudes. I'lom I'"ife and Perth it is general elsewhere to the 

 south coast; being local and rare in Ireland and the Channel Island.s. 



