112 FI.OWERS OF THE HEATHS AND MOORS 



Cow-wheat (.Melampyrum pratcnse, L.) 



Another of those Arctic plants not found in early deposits is Cow- 

 wheat. To-day it is found in the Arctic and N. Temperate Zones in 

 Europe (except Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey), and in Siberia. Cow- 

 wheat is widespread in distribution, growing in all the counties (e.xcept 

 Hunts, Cardigan, Isle of Man, Shetlands), as far north as the Orkneys, 

 and up to 3000 ft. in the Highlands. It is a native also of Ireland. 



One has to look in the exact habitat of Cow-wheat to come across 

 it, a remark almost a truism and applicable to every other plant in 

 some degree, but especially here. That is to say it is local, choosing 

 a peculiar type of station. Common SyKan Cow -wheat, while an 

 ericetal species, is more often to be found in damp localities occurring 

 in woods and copses, and sometimes on ground surrounding streams or 

 other tracts of water. 



Cow-wheat has a sub-erect, square, weak, wavy stem, which is 

 provided with more or less spreading branches issuing from the base. 

 The leaves are narrowly lance-shaped, in opposite pairs, stalkless, 

 smooth, or downy with two rows of hairs, dark-green, the base heart- 

 shaped sometimes, the margin entire. 



The flowers are pale-yellow, large, and spreading. They are borne 

 in the axils of the leaves and in pairs turned all one way. The bracts 

 are toothed below, spear-shaped. The corolla is irregular, four times 

 the length of the calyx, and closed, with a projecting lower lip. The 

 calyx is smooth, and the teeth equal the tube. The capsule is egg- 

 shaped and depressed, like wheat, hence the first Greek name. It is 

 said to turn bread black. 



Cow-wheat is about i ft. to 18 in. high. The flowers bloom in 

 June and up to September. The plant is annual, propagated by seeds. 



The four anthers lie close together, and form a pollen reservoir, 

 which is opened by touching the pointed appendages or teeth at the 

 lower end of each anther-lobe, unlocking the reservoir. The honey 

 lies at the base of the ovary, opposite the lip, which is expanded into a 

 round, fleshy body with grooves each side. The honey rises 2-3 mm. 

 in the tube, which is 14-15 mm. long, and is protected by hairs from 

 the rain. Without inserting its head an insect needs a proboscis 

 14-15 mm. long, but at the anterior end the corolla is expanded 

 and admits a bee's head, except the hive-bee, Bonibus tei-resiris, and a 

 few others. 



The flowers are visited by Honey-bees, Boiubus, Megachilc, Oxycera. 



