THF FLORA OF SINGAPORE. 29 
good portion of the coast line where mud is deposited are edged 
with a thick mangrove jungle composed of Rhizophoracee (R hi- 
zophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops) Carapa, Lumnitzera, Avicennia 
and Heritiera on the branches of which grow abundance of small 
orchids, ferns, Lycopodium, Psilotum, Heptapleurum, Pachycentria, 
Medinillopsis and other epiphytes, while in the mud on suitable 
spots grow such herbaceous plants as Acanthus, Cryptocoryne 
ciliata, Tristellateia, Octhocharis and some Cyperacev and grasses. 
Inland just behind the mangroves the ground is often sandy 
and covered with woods of comparatively small trees, Mugenia, 
Podocarpus, Gelonium, Arytera, Afzelia, etc., with clumps of the 
Nibung palm (Onecosperma tigilliaria), and on these and on the 
ground grow many orchids, Cirrhopetalum, Bulbophyllum, Coelo- 
qyne, Plocoglottis, Platyclinis, and Fria. 
The coast line from Tanjong Ru to Changi is also very 
sandy, and here is a very distinct flora much resembling that 
which borders the Pahang river near its mouth. It is rich in 
grasses and sedges, Yyris, Cyanotis, and other herbaceous plants, 
with bushes of Rhodomyrtus, Vaccinium, Leucopogon, Capparis, 
Eugenia, etc. Unfortunately a great portion of this district has 
been put under coconut cultivation, and the greater part of the 
flora has disappeared, except at Changi point where it. still 
remains. 
As a very large portion of the island has been cleared and 
cultivated, and often abandoned, there are very large tracts 
covered either with Lalange (/mperata cylindrica) or fern either 
Gleichenia Linearis or bracken, Pteris aquilina or in swampy spots 
with Scleria to the exclusion of almost everything else. In 
many places however secondary growth has sprung up (Belu- 
kar). This consists of small trees or shrubs of Macaranga javanica 
and W. hypoleuca, Rhodamnia trinervia, Adinandra dumosa, Vite. 
pubescens, Melastoma polyanthum, Archytea Vahlii, Arthrophyllum 
diversifolium and a few others. 
In waste ground near villages and in cultivated spots area 
number of weeds, many of which are well known as very wide- 
ly distributed plants, and most of which have probably been 
introduced accidentally or intentionally at no very great dis- 
tance of time. These weeds include most of the Conposite, 
Grasses, Labiate and probably all the Umbellifere and Solana- 
