RUBIALES 741 



or occasionally fewer or twice as many ; ovary compound, adnate to the calyx 

 tube ; ovules one or two in each cavity of the ovary. The important families 

 are Rubiaceae, containing cinchona coffee, asperula, and galium ; Adoxaceae 

 containing a single genus Adoxa the Musk-root, A. Moschatellina; Valerian- 

 aceae containing the corn salad {Valerianella olitoria, and Valeriana officinalis), 

 native to Europe and North America, the roots of which are used in medicine ; 

 Dipsaceae, containing fuller's teasel (Dipsactis fullonum), whose rigid chaff 

 hooked at the end is used for carding woolen cloth, and scabious (Scabiosa 

 maritima) frequently cultivated for ornamental purposes; and Caprifoliaceae. 



Families of Rubiales 

 Herbs or shrubs; flowers regular; leaves with stipules. Rubiaceae. 



Herbs or shrubs ; flowers regular or irregular ; leaves without stipules. 



Caprifoliaceae. 



Fig. 431. Teasel (Dipsacus sylvcs- 

 iris). A common American weed al- 

 lied to Fuller's Teasel. (Millspaugh- 

 Selby). 



Rubiaceae B. Juss. Madder Family. 



Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple opposite leaves connected by stipules, 

 or the leaves sometimes in whorls without stipules ; calyx tube adnate to the 

 ovary; flowers regular and perfect, often dimorphic; corolla funnel-shaped, 

 club-shaped, bell-shaped or rotate, 4-5 lobed; stamens as many as the lobes of 

 the corolla and alternate with them ; pistil with a simple or lobed style ; ovary 

 1-10 celled; ovules one to many in a large cell; fruit various, capsule, berry or 

 drupe; seeds small or large, the coat thin or hard; endosperm fleshy or horny. 



A large order, chiefly tropical, consisting of about 350 genera and 5000 

 species. Only a few of them found in northern United States. Some species 

 are abundant in southern United States, a few being weedy. Cinchona or 

 Peruvian Bark, from which quinine is derived, is found in several species of the 

 genus Cinchona, a tree with evergreen leaves. Quinine is derived chiefly from 

 Chincona officinalis, which is a native of South America ; C. lancifolia is native 

 to Peru. The Cinchona is now, however, extensively cultivated in India. Its 

 use in fevers has been recognized since its earliest introduction from the wild 

 plants gathered in the Andes Mountains by the Indians. The Red cinchona is 

 obtained from C. succirubra and Calisaya bark from C. Lcdgcriana. 



