COMPOSITAE — THISTLE FAMILY — BULL THISTLE 801 



Cirsium canesccns Nutt. Woolly Thistle 

 Branching perennial 2-4 feet high, woolly throughout bearing single medium 

 sized heads, stem angled, white woolly; leaves, radical 8 inches to 1 foot long, 

 the divisions usually 2-lobed, prominently ribbed, ending in stout spines; stem 

 leaves except the lower, 1-4 inches long, pinnatifid, the upper sessile, slightly 

 roughened, with a slight cottony down, the lower white, woolly; heads lyi to 

 2 inches high, bracts of the involucre somewhat arachnoid, lower scales with a 

 broad base, glutinous ridge, and ending in minutely serrated spine, inner scales 

 long, attenuated, tips straw colored ; flowers purple. This is Carduus Flod- 

 maiuiii Rydb. 



Distribution. This species is distributed from Mason City, Iowa, to south- 

 western Minnesota, west to the Rocky Mountains. Collected by Charles A. 

 Geyer in 1839, and described by Nuttall. The writer has seen it very abundant 

 in Wyoming, Montana and Colorado. 



Cirsimn discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Prairie Thistle 



Tall, branching, leafy biennial, 5-7 feet high, with heads larger than the 

 Canada thistle ; stem striate, slightly hirsute ; leaves radical 12-14 inches long, 

 deeply pinnatifid, the divisions frequently divided, prickly toothed, the upper 

 surface smoothish, and the lower white, woolly single heads terminating the 

 branches, with purple flowers, heads 1^ inches high; bracts of the globose 

 involucre slightly arachnoid, lower bracts ovate, with a broad base and a weak 

 prickly recurved bristle, slight dorsal gland, inner linear lanceolate with a nearly 

 colorless entire appendage; flower purple; lobes of the corolla terminating in 

 clavate tips, anther tips acute, filaments pubescent; bristle of pappus plumose; 

 achenium smooth, upper part yellow. 



Distribution. In fields and along roadsides from Quebec, Ontario, south 

 through New England, New York and Georgia, west to Missouri, Nebraska 

 and South Dakota. 



Cirsium ocJiroccntrum Gray 



Biennial, 2-8 feet high ; white tomenKim ; leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid 

 and armed with long yellowish prickles; heads 1-2 inches high; involucral 

 scales .with a viscid line on the back, with a prominent spreading yellowish 

 prickle ; corolla purple, rarely white. 



Distribution. From Arizona to Colorado and Utah. 



Cirsium imdulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. 



Biennial 1-2 feet high, white tomentose; leaves pinnately parted, some- 

 what prickly ; heads about 2 inches high ; the outer bracts thickened by gland- 

 ular-viscid ridge; corolla rose-color, purple or pale purple; the variety mega- 

 ccphaleum with larger heads. 



Distribution. West of the Missouri River to Oregon and New Mexico. 



Injurious properties. None of the species is poisonous so far as the 

 writer knows. The spiny involucre and spiny leaves inflict inflammation and 

 cause the formation of pus. 



28. Ccntaurca L,. 



Perennial or annual herbs, with leaves alternate, entire, dentate, incised or 



pinnatifid ; involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts in many series ; marginal flowers 



usually neutral and larger than the central ones in some species; all the flowers 



perfect and fertile ; heads middle-sized, tubular, purple-violet, or white or rarely 



