126 X. CAPPARiDACE^. [Cratceva. 



narrowed somewhat at the tip. Stamens violet, slender. Gyno- 

 phore slender, as long. Fruit globose to ovoid, about i in. long. 

 Hah. Malacca, sandhills, Tanjong Kling. Selangor at Pudok. A 

 dwarf form on the sandhills, not more than 4 ft. tall, but flowering. 

 Possibly not native in either place, but it seemed to have estab- 

 lished itself at Tanjong Kling, far awaj?^ from the village. Plants 

 occasionally are to be seen in gardens. Disirib. India. Native 

 name : Cadat. 



Order XI. VIOLACE/E. 



Herbs or shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire or 

 serrulate, stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular bibracteate. 

 Sepals 5, imbricate in bud equal or unequal. Petals 5 hypogynous, 

 equal or unequal, imbricate or contact in bud. Stamens 5 ; fila- 

 ments short thick ; anthers free or connate, cells often with apical 

 processes, connective broad produced beyond the cells. Ovary 

 sessile superior, i-celled; style simple. Stigma capitate or 

 truncate entire or lobed. Ovules many on 3 parietal placentas, 

 anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds small or very small. 

 Albumen fleshy. Genera 21. Species 240, temperate and tropical 

 regions of both hemispheres. 



Herbs; corolla irregular ; lower petal dissimilar . .1. Viola 



Shrubs or trees ; corolla regular, no staminodes . . 2. Alsodeia 



Herbs, erect; corolla regular ; staminodes numerous . 3. Neckia 



1. VIOLA, L. 



Herbs usually stoloniferous. Flowers on i- rarely 2-flowered 

 peduncles, axillary. Sepals produced at base. Petals erect or 

 spreading, lowest the largest spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers 

 connate, connectives of the 2 lower ones often spurred at the base. 

 Style clavate or truncate. Stigma blunt lobed or cupular. Capsule 

 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose. Species 100, all cool regions. 



(i) V. serpens Wall. Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 449; Hook. fil. F.B.I, i. 

 184; King, I.e. 399. 



Stoloniferous glabrous (or hirsute). Stems long, leaf}^ Leaves 

 ovate-cordate blunt or acute, crenate-serrate, i'5 to 23 in. long, 

 7 to i'3 in. wide, hairy beneath. Stipules toothed. Sepals acute 

 •2 in. long. Corolla pale lavender, lower petals streaked darker 

 violet purple, rarely all white, -5 in. long, spur short rounded. 

 Petals blunt. Capsule "4 in. long ; valves blunt. Hah. Banks and 

 shady spots, at 3000 to 4000 ft. altitude. Perak, Telom, Ulu 

 Batang Padang on stream banks and in clearings at 4000 ft. alti- 

 tude. Penang, Government Hill at 3000 ft. altitude (now extinct 

 here). Disirib. India, Java, Sumatra, China. 



