868 
Plants of the Punjab. 
Herss, ErRnot, with ALTERNATE ExstipuLATE LoBep Luavgs. 
PETALS UNITED. 
FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. 
Cousinia auriculata, 
CoMPosITé. 
F. B. I. i. 860. 
The Plains west of 
the Indus. 
Kashmir Valley. 
Cousin a 
microcarpa, 
CoMpPosiITm. 
PBA. i. 3860. 
Kashmir, 
5-6,000 ft. 
Carduus nutans, 
Musk Thistle, 
Kanchari, tiso. bada- 
ward. 
ComposiItTm. 
PA. doa: S61; 
Hima laya ; 
6-12.000 ft. 
Simla, Narkanda, in 
fields (Collett). 
Kashmir, Hazara, 
Murree (Douie). 
Cnicus or 
Carduus arvensis, 
Creeping Thistle, 
Bhur-bhur. 
ComposiTm. 
EF. B. FT. 107862: 
The Plains to 
7,000 ft. 
Valleys below 
Simla (Collett). 
Choa Saidan Shah, 
Gujar Khan (Douie), 
Baluchistan (Lace). 
very like the last species, but smaller, heads solitary, 
bristles of the floor of the head twisted below. 
very like the last species, but more slender, radical 
leaves with the segments pointing backwards, stems 
winged, pappus none. 
t 
medium size to large, biennial, often unbranched, 
stout, cobwebby, stem winged, wings spinous, grooved ; 
leaves 6-12 in., oblong, pinnately lobed, margins wavy, 
spiny ; flowers crimson, in clustered or solitary nodding 
heads, 3-14 in. diam., ovoid or round, bracts of heads lan- 
ceolate with awl-like points or outer or all ending in erect 
or reflexed spines, floor of head flat, densely bristly, pappus 
soon falling off, copious, long, rough, united below into a 
ring, corolla-tube long, deeply 5-lobed, anther-bases forked, 
style-arms short, blunt ; achenes smooth, 4-angled, pale 
brown. The leaves are used to curdle milk, and the 
flowers as a febrifuge. 
large, stems many, not winged, often unbranched, not 
perennial, creeping, tufts of different sexes; leaves 8-5 
in. long, sessile, linear-oblong or ovate witha broad tip, 
pinnately lobed, lobes separating with spinous tips, felted 
beneath, rough above ; flowers dull purple, male in round 
heads 4-1 in. diam., female in much longer heads with 
looser bracts, heads generally solitary or clustered, bracts 
of heads smooth or cobwebby, outer short, ovate, or tri- 
angular ending in a short spine, inner gradually longer 
with wavy, often recirved tips, innermost hnear-lanceo- 
late with thin margins, floor of heads densely bristly, 
pappus copious, long, soon falling off, with a ring at the 
base, corolla-tube long, deeply divided into 5 lobes, anther- 
