Plants of the Punjab. 478 
Herss, UNBRANCHED WITH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES. 
Gnaphalium 
Thomsoni, 
ComMpPosiTé. 
BoB. L101. 290. 
Kashmir, 
5-7,000 ft. 
Centipeda 
orbicularis, 
Carduus nutans, 
Cnicus arvensis, 
Creeping Thistle, 
Bhur-bhur. 
CoMPOSIT. 
if Be PE; ii. Ges 
The Plains to 
5,000 it. 
Valleys below 
Simla (Col ett). 
Choa Saidan Shah 
(Douie). 
Saussurea obvallata, 
Kanwal, 
birm-kanwal. 
CoMPOSITE. 
F. B. I. ii. 8665. 
Himalaya, 
10-15,000 ft. 
Kashmir. 
PETALS UNITED. 
FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN HEADS, ALL TUBULAR. 
like the last species, but heads 4 in. diam., in sessile 
round clusters, 1 in. in diam., with slender spreading 
leaves immediately beneath them, bracts brown, shining 
with a strong green central nerve, hali-way down. 
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate) Simple. 
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Eixstipulate, Lobed. 
large, perennial, spiny or prickly, rootstock creeping, 
stems many, 2-4 ft., not winged, upper cobwebby-felted ; 
leaves 3-6 by #-1 in., oblong, sessile, spinous, margin wavy 
or divided, upper surface pale, rough, lower white-felied ; 
flowers minute, dingy purple, all tubular in round and 
ovoid solitary or clustered heads, 1-14 in. diam., male and 
female heads on different plants, receptacle bracts smooth 
or cobwebby in several rows, outermost lea’y, outer short, 
ovate or triangular-ovate, ending in a short spine, inner 
gradually longer with undulate, often recurved tips, in- 
nermost narrow. linear-lanceolate, pappus hairs copious, 
in many rows, stiff, simple or barbed, corollas slender, 5-fid, 
in male heads anther-bases forked, tails slender, in female 
heads, style-arms short, blunt; achenes smooth, bluntly 
4-angled, smooth or 5-10-ribbed, linear-oblong. 
small to large, perennial, smooth, root very thick, 
crowned with the balckened remains of old leaf stalks, 
stem 6-18 in., leafy. stout, terminated by the incurved 
bladdery veined translucent head of leaves 3-6 in. diam. ; 
leaves 4-8 in., lower leaves long-ovate with a broad tip, 
smooth, blunt, toothed, stem leaves oblong, concave, half 
stem-clasping, floral leaves boat-shaped, thin, enclosing ; 
2-6 sessile or shortly stalked smooth heads of flowers 
flowers 4 in. long, purplish, in heads, 4-$ in. diam., bracts 
of receptacle lanceolate, in many rows, not spinous, tip- 
ped and often margined with black, receptacle (floor of 
head) densely bristly, pappus of hairs 4 in., brown, outer 
bristles rough or none, corollas 4 in., tubular, slender, 
5-toothed, anther tails very short, divided, style-arms 
linear ; achenes ovoid with a broad top, flattened, smooth, 
ribbed. ‘The root is applied to cuts and bruises. 
