PLANT DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATIONS. XXIX. 



and are confined to low levels, not ascending above 500 feet. 

 But on the margin of these " ponds," on the land side of the 

 reed-swamp, in the wet places between it and the rising bank, 

 is a society nf moisture-loving plants which are by no means 

 exclusively confined to this particular habitat, but are many of 

 them found in the cloughs and elsewhere. However, those 

 with the more restricted distribution are distinguished by an 

 asterisk (*) in the following list. 



Ranunculus Flammula, Stachys palustris, 



R. repens, Salix viminalis, 



Caltha palustvis, ] uncus bufonius, 



■■'■Nasturtium amphibium, J. effusus, 



Spircea Ulmaria, ■•'Eleocharis acicularis, 



■■'Epilobium hirsutum, E. palustvis, 



CEnanthe Cvocata, Carex remota, 



Angelica sylvestris, C. ovalis, 



Galium Wither ingii, Deschampsia ccespitosa, 



Valeriana sambucifolia, Holcus lanatus, 



■-Bidens tripartita, Arrhenatherum avenaceum 



Cnicus palustvis, Poa pratensis, 



'■'Lysimachia vulgaris, Equisetum arvense, 



Scvophularia nodosa, E. palustre, 



■■'Lycopus europcBus, E. limosum. 



''''Scutellaria galericulata, 



Other societies of aquatic or marsh plants will be considered 

 when the cloughs and moors are examined. 



The flora of Halifax contains rather more than a hundred 

 species of annual duration only, and most of them are limited 



to the lowland district, constituting the weeds 

 Cultivated of cultivated and waste ground. As there is 

 Ground. but a very small proportion of land brought 



under the plough, the list of arable weeds is a 

 short one, even when it is reinforced by the more productive 

 market gardens. But what are cornfield weeds in other parts 

 of England frequently occur here casually on tips and waste 

 ground, especially in the neighbourhood of corn mills and 

 malt kilns, where they are associated with strangers to the 

 British flora, the seeds of which have been imported in corn 

 from southern Europe or America. Sterne Mill, which was 

 till recently a corn mill, and Elland, where there are malt kilns 

 by the canal, are frequently mentioned as the source of such 



