PLANT DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATIONS. XXXJii 



The following are not invariably present, but are selected 

 from a longer list of common species : — 



Ranunculus bulbosus. Conopodium denudatum. 



Tri folium pratense. Achillea millefolium. 



T. repens. Plantago lanceolata. 



Alchemilla vulgaris. Luzula campestris. 



Two species, viz : Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum and Polygonum 

 Bistorta, are apt to be very prominent where they occur, but 

 they are much more local in their distribution. 



The woods and cloughs are almost inseparable. There are 

 so few cloughs without woods, and so few woods except in the 



cloughs, or on the valley slopes, that one can 

 Woods. hardly be considered apart from the other. 



If the woods are first examined by themselves, 

 the remaining plant associations of the cloughs will naturally 

 follow and lead up to the moors. Though the oak is the chief 

 factor in the composition of nearly all our woods, there are two 

 distinct types to be distinguished, each of which is usually seen 

 in the' ascent of a clough. 



(i) Mixed Deciduous Woods occupy the lower and moister 

 situations, and are characterised by the presence of a great 

 variety both of trees, underwood, and herbaceous vegetation. 

 Beech woods may be considered a variety of this type. 



(ii) Dry Oak Woods occupy more elevated, rocky ground, 

 and are characterised by the absence of other forest trees, and 

 the dominance of bilberry, heather, bracken, and moorland 

 grasses. The Birch is always present and sometimes takes the 

 lead, so that the Oak Wood may pass into a Birch Wood. 

 Coniferous Woods, in which Scots Pine, Austrian Pine, Larchj 

 &c, are planted either by themselves, or mixed with oak, are 

 here hardly more than a variety of this type, as the other con- 

 ditions are all very similar. 



The oak wood in a damp situation admits so varied a flora, 

 that it is better to confine the name oak wood to dry wood 



where the oak is much more predominant, and 

 Mixed to call the type under consideration now either 



Deciduous a mixed deciduous wood, or a damp wood. 

 Woods. Elland Park Wood and Sun Wood may be 



taken as examples of this type, but even in their 

 case, the transition to the dry oak wood in the upper part may 

 be observed; a change which is of frequent occurrence in the 

 wooded cloughs in passing from the bottom to the head of the 

 clough, or up its slopes. 



