PLANT DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATIONS. xli. 



being dotted along the hill-side. Two-thirds of this is 

 probably permanent pasture and almost all the rest meadow, 



for it lies above the wheat area, and the 

 Hill amount of arable land devoted to oats or 



Pastures. other crop is quite insignificant. These hill 



pastures present a more varied association of 

 plants than do the fields at a lower level, for the turf is very 

 rarely turned by the plough, many of them are ill-drained, and 

 others are running back to moorland. In addition to the more 

 ubiquitous of the meadow grasses, which form a part of the 

 herbage, the upland pastures contain others which are more 

 characteristic, viz. : — 



Agrostis vulgaris Briza media 



Deschampsia flexuosa Festuca ovina 



Sieglingia decumbens Nardus stricta. 



The general flora of the pastures is much larger than that 

 of the meadows. All the species already mentioned as 

 occurring in meadows may be looked for, with the exception 

 of Anthriscus sylvestris and Polygonum Bistorta, which are almost, 

 if not entirely, absent. The additional species of permanent 

 pasture may be divided into two classes according as they are 

 (i) common to all types of pasture, or (ii) confined to the more 

 elevated or hill pastures. The first includes : — 



Trifolium dubium Hypocharis radicata 



Lotus coruiculatus Leontodon hispidus 



Lathyrus montanus L. autuiniialis 



Potentilla silvestvis Campanula votundifolia 



Galium saxatilc Veronica Chamcudrys 



Senecio Jacobcza Prunella vulgaris 



Cnicus lanceolatus Ajuga veptans 



Centaur ea nigra Rumex Acetosella 



Hieracuim.Pilosella, &>c. Ophioglossum vulgatuin. 



The less cultivated pastures on the edge of the moors may 

 also yield :— 



Viola lutea Erythraa Centaurium 



Poly gala sevpyllacea Gentiana Amarella 



Hypericum pulchrum Euphrasia officinalis 



Linum catharticum Thymus Serpylluni 



Pimpinella Saxifraga Luzula erecta 



Scabiosa succisa Car ex spp. 



Gnaphalium sylvaticum Botrychium Lunaria. 

 Jasione montana 



