188 RUBIA. I CLASS IV, ORDWl t. 



GENUS V. mi'BIA. Linn. Madder. 



Nat. Ord. Silllx'tx. 



Gen. Char. Corolla rotate or campauulatc, witli from three to five 

 spreading segments. Fruit a succulent, smooth, two-lobed l)erry. 

 — Name from ruhrr, red ; on account of the red matter which the 

 roots afford. 



1. R. perefp-ina, Linn. (Fig. 238.) wild Madder. Leaves from four 

 to six in a wliorl, hinceolate, persistent, smooth and shining ; the 

 margin and keel rough, with reflexed prickles; flowers five-cleft. 



English Botany, t. H51. — English Flora, vol. i. p. 2IL — Lindley, 

 Synopsis, p. 13L — Hooker, British Flora, vol. i. p. 69. 



Root with numerous creeping, fleshy, reddish underground stems. 

 Stems branched, spreading, square and striated, the angles rough with 

 reflexed prickles, stout, somewhat shrubhy. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 

 lanceolate, in whorls of from four to six each on the stem, frequently 

 on the branches only two or three, evergreen, and remaining attached 

 to the plant ; the margin pale, somewhat reflexed when dry, and rough, 

 with stout reflexed prickles, as well as the stout prominent midrib. 

 Inflorescence in small terminal and lateral branched panicles of yellow- 

 ish-green flowers, each subdivision having at their base a pair c>f lance- 

 olate hraciecB. Corolla rotate or carapanulate, of mostly five broad ovate 

 segments, suddenly contracted into a slender point, concave when newly 

 expanded, becoming convex. Fruit a smooth, juicy, black and shi- 

 ning, double berry ; frequently one of them is abortive. 



Habitat. — Stony and sandy ground, in the South-west of England. 

 Not unfrequent in South Wales: Anglesea — Mr. Wilson. South side 

 of How th and Killiney Hill; limestone rocks at Mucruss and Killar- 

 iiey; hedges near Passage, County Cork, Ireland. 



Perennial ; flowering from June to August. 



This species is nearly allied to Ru'bia tincto'ria, the roots of which 

 furnish us with one of the most useful dyes with which we are ac- 

 quainted, known by the name of madder. The roots are infu.sed in 

 water, to which it imparts its colouring matter, which is afterwards 

 precipitated from it l)y the addition of alum ; it is then collected and 

 prepared either as a pigment or dye-slufl*. Madder is hut little grown 

 in this country, on account of its being obtained much cheaper from 

 F'rance, Holland, Italy, and Turkey, than it can be grown at home. 

 It has the property of tinging the secretions and excretions of animals 

 that arc allowed to feed upon it; am! by its moans curious bony pre- 

 parations arc made, which shew that the deposition of (isseous matter 

 and its removal is continually going on in the animal economy, by the 

 alternate layers of red and white in the bones of animals alternately 

 fed upon madder and ordinary food, and the disappearance of all ad- 



