38 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 
the delicious pulpy substance which gives value for us to the berry 
is a modification of the floral receptacle, and the rich substance 
of the apple is another example of the excessive growth of the 
receptacle on which the seeds first rested and then were enveloped 
by it. 
The forms which the fruit may take during the process of 
ripening are important elements in the determination of the species 
of plants and are often employed in the differential descriptions. 
The following table will serve to show some, but not all, of the 
principal forms of fruit. 
1. Simple Fruits 
This division includes fruits which have a dry envelope in contrast 
with the fleshy fruits. 
a. Fruits in which the carpels at maturity are burst by the in- 
ternal pressure of the seed, but which have no regular seam 
which opens when the seed is ripe. 
Pericarp (surrounding of the seeds) not a winged fruit. 
Fruit of a single cell and enclosing a single seed, Example: 
buttercup, anemone, fruit of ee flowers (Fig. 49 and 
15 0)) a a Se s ). vAn Aenene 
Fruit in which 2 De 3, or 4 peneaees are , united into one is known 
respectively as, Diachene, Triachene, ete. 
Pericarp developed at the borders into a broad, spreading wing 
or wings. Example: maple, ash, ete. (Fig. 51) . . <A Samara 
b. Fruits in which the carpels, at maturity open at a regular 
seam or, technically, a dehiscence. 
Fruits which consist of a single carpel or of several carpels not 
joined together, the dehiscence of which is in the direction 
of the axis of the carpel. 
Opening by a single seam. Example: columbine, larkspur 
(Guar ayy Chor Ss) 9 9G 96 NA SG ato oo te - « A Follkele 
Opening by two seams, 7 oe the pea " (Fig, 54) 
o * « « » '« A Pod orshegume 
Yr ruit a ‘compound ovary more or less hard mn woody and which 
opens at the side or top (Fig. 55 and 56) A Capsule or Casket 
An ovary of two elongated carpels hich are joined, side by 
side, and which open from bottom to top leaving a partition 
between the two valves (Fig. 57) . . « « « AlSalegie 
A silicle is a short silique. These forms are characteristic of 
the family of crucifers. 
An ovary of one or more carpels opening transversely, a cap- 
sule like a little cup with a lid (Fig. 58) . A Pyzis or Bow 
2. Fleshy Fruits 
Fruit in which the seed is immediately surrounded by a _ strong 
membraneous or woody wall. 
a. The seeds each (usually 5) surrounded by a tough membrane- 
ous or cartilaginous wall, Example: apple, pear, ete. (Fig. 
GO) fig ere (gre tim ba teh cd RO. a) ig Us sg te ey aw ny ec ee 
