40 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 
b. A small fruit with a membraneous covering which includes a 
soft pulp in which lie the seeds. Example: currant, goose- 
berry, blueberry (Fig. 59) . . . . Al Benray 
The orange and lemon would come under ‘this group. 
c. A compound ovary of carpels with a strong, rather thick 
envelope containing a pulp in which are distributed the seeds. 
Example: melon, cucumber .. . - . A Gourd or Pepo 
d. <A fruit in which the seed is protected by a hard, woody wall, 
a nut, or stone. 
The stone covered by a fleshy succulent es Example: 
cherry, (pluni = Chie. 6i))en eee ae AMD rine 
The stone not covered by a fleshy layer Ciaample: oak, 
chestnut (EUg.: 6B))h 25) Fae iS ere cn 
3. Aggregated Fruits , 
Many small seed bodies included on the surface of a pulpy or dry 
convex receptacle .. ~ «a 92 « « “Mailipleskranits 
The receptacle pulpy. Example: strawberry (Figs. 65, 66). 
The receptacle dry. Example: potentillas, roses (Fig. 64). 
4. Compound Fruits 
Include the cones of the Pine family, Fig. 62, and some other forms 
not common with us. 
THE SEED. 
The ovule, when it has been fertilized through the influence of 
the pollen, takes on a new form of growth in which there is the 
beginning of the prospective plant, the embryo. 
In the ovules of plants belonging to the great division to which 
the grasses, sedges, palms and lilies belong—the monocotyledons— 
the embryo is formed at the base of a single lobe or cotyledon of 
the developing seed (Fig. 70), while in the grand division to which 
most of the plants with net-veined leaves belong—the dicotyledons 
—the embryo is formed between two lobes or cotyledons (Fig. 67). 
The presence then of one or of two cotyledons or lobes in the 
seeds, constitutes the distinguishing feature characterizing the two 
great types of plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary. In the 
group of cone-bearing trees, pines, spruces and the like, the coty- 
ledons are not uniform in number, there being from three to 
several cotyledons in the single seed. Fig. 71 shows a young pine 
with the expanding cotyledons, numbering eleven, in a verticel. 
At the summit, still holding the cotyledonous leaves together at 
their extremities is seen the tegument of the seed, not yet cast off. 
As the plantlet pushes upward a new whorl of leaves will appear 
and later other whorls. 
Even in the‘ class of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants 
there are occasional exceptions in the numbers of cotyledons, for 
the seeds of the pond-weeds, for example, among the first great 
