50 OUTLINE OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY 
of the wheat seed represents for the whole class to which the grains, 
grasses, lilies, ete., belong, as the two lobes or cotyledons of the 
bean represent the structure of the seeds of the other class. 
Upon these facts then we may commence the formation of a 
table of classification as follows. 
First GRAND Divistion.—CRYPTOGAMS 
This is not the more technical division for, in more recent times 
that division of the vegetable kingdom which has been long distin- 
guished by this term has been divided into several groups, which in- 
clude the Green Algae, Diatoms, Stoneworts, Fungi, Mosses, Fern-like 
plants and others. Since none of these classes are included in this 
work it is unnecessary to specify these divisions. The character which 
divides all these so-called lower forms of vegetation from those with 
which we shall be occupied is the absence of flowers and of seeds. 
They were called in the Linnean system of classification Cryptogams 
(cryptos, hidden), because the manner of fertilization was not under- 
stood. 
SEconp GRAND Divistion.—PHANEROGAMIA or BMBRYOPHYTA 
This great division includes all plants having stamens and pistils 
and bearing seeds. The term Phanerogamia (phaneros, visible), re- 
fers to the manifest organs of reproduction, the pistils and stamens, 
while the term Embryophyta signifies an embryo bearer. The division 
is divided into two subdivisions. 
FIRST SUBDIVISION.—GYMNOSPERMS 
Characterized by the naked ovules (gynnos, naked), that is, ovules 
not enclosed in an ovary. 
SECOND SUBDIVISION.—ANGIOSPERMS 
The subdivision characterized by the fact that the ovules are pro- 
tected within an ovary. 
The subdivision ANGIOSPERMS is divided into two great classes. 
CLASS I.—MONOCOTYLEDONS 
Plants whose seeds have but a single lobe. 
CLASS II.—DICOTYLEDONS 
Plants whose seeds have two (rarely more) lobes. 
These classes are again divided as we have seen in the preceding 
section into orders, these orders into families and these families 
into genera and then species. 
In the extended table at page 57 will be found characters gen- 
erally sufficient to lead us to the Order in which we may find a 
given plant growing native in our region. 
