GYMNOSPERMAE 81 
SUB-DIVISION I—EMBRYO BEARING PLANTS 
EXAMPLES OF FLOWERS OF GYMNOSPERMS 
1. A Cone of Pinus rigida with the scales separated to permit the escape of the 
seeds. 2, a single scale from the cone showing at a the thin covers of the 
seeds, the location of which is shown at the base. 3, staminate flowers of a 
pine. 4, a spray oi' White Cedar with the small modified cones. 5, a berry 
of the pistillate flower of Dwarf Yew which is, in fact, a modified cone. 
6, the staminate flower of Yew. 
GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked Seeded Plants. 
A principal characteristic is the absence of an ovary or seed 
casket. The embryo is developed from a thin flat scale which is 
protected by the woody scales lying on each side of it (1), or 
within a fleshy fruit resembling a berry (5), but which is in 
fact a modification of one or more of the scales at the apex of a 
scaly cone while some of the lower scales may still be seen encir- 
cling the base of the drupe. In the first form the group of woody 
or leathery scales arranged spirally around a long axis forms the 
cone familiar as the fruit of the family of pines. In the second 
the berry-like fruit is that characteristic of the yew and the juni- 
per. In either case, whether the fertile flowers are in the form of 
a cone or of a drupe, the pollen flowers are scaly cones or cat- 
kins (3). 
The pollen and the ovules are not borne upon’the same flowers. 
In our species the pollen bearing and the ovule bearing cones are 
found on the same plant (monoecious). 
Of this sub-division there is, in our region, but one class. 
Class—CONIFERAE. Cone Bearing Trees or Shrubs 
All the cone bearers are trees or shrubs and with a single ex- 
